Book Terms Flashcards
Homeostasis
The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
• steady internal environment depending on exterior environment
Training Effect
an increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissues as a result of increased stress (overload) placed upon them
• body’s adaptation to learned and expected stress imposed by physical activity
Anabolism
The building up in the body of complex chemical compound from simpler compounds (e.g., proteins from amino acids)
Catabolism
The breakdown in the body of complex chemical compounds into simpler ones (e.g., amino acids to individual proteins)
Kilocalories
The amount of energy released when food is digested
Calorie
a unit of heat
Thermogenic Effect
The heat liberated from a particular food is thus a measure not only of its energy content but also of the tendency to be burned us heat
Changes stimulated by endurance exercise:
- Increased muscle glycogen storage capacity
- Increased muscle mitochondria density
- Increased resting ATP content in muscles
- Increased resting CP content in muscles
- Increased resting creatine in muscles
- Increased aerobic enzymes
- Increased slow twitch muscle fibers
- Decreased fast twitch muscle fibers
- Decreased muscle size when compared to strength training
- Decreased resting heart rate
- Increased capillaries
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate
an organic compounds found in muscle which, upon being broken down emzymatically, releases energy for muscle contraction
- The energy source for all human movement
- Muscle cells store 5 mmols per kg of muscle
- ATP is a molecule stores energy in a way that can be used for muscle contraction. Energy production then revolves around rebuilding ATP molecules after being broken down.
- Metabolic pathways exist in the cell to produce ATP rapidly and can produce by any of or all pathways:
- ATP/CP pathway
- Glycolytic pathway
- Oxidative pathway
Aerobic
Occurring with the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen
• increases the body’s functional capacity to transport and use oxygen and to burn fatty acids during exercise
Anaerobic
Occurring without the use of oxygen
• increases the body’s functional capacity for development of explosive strength and maximization of short-term energy system
ATP/CP Pathway
- Anaerobic
- Requires no oxygen for energy use
- Demonstrated in sports that require ballistic, explosive strength or maximum effort for short periods of time
Glycolytic Pathway
Glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically
• once you have depleted the readily available ATP/CP stores, The body must break down carbohydrates to produce more ATP. This process is uses either glycogen (stored in muscle cells) or glucose (in blood) to convert ADP back into ATP with the waste product being lactic acid
Oxidative Pathway
Oxygen combines with lactic acid resynthesizing glycogen to produce energy anaerobically
ATPase
The enzyme which acts to split the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules
- 3 major isoforms of ATPase exist and correspond to Type 1, Type 2a, Type 2b muscle fibers
- Is released from the knobby ends of the cross-bridges located on the myosin myofilaments
CP
creatine phosphate
A high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP
• CP stores fall rapidly after 10 seconds of maximal activity and are usually completely depleted in under 60 seconds
P
phosphorus
Works with calcium to build up bones and teeth. Provides a key element in the production of ATP
ADP
adenosine triphosphate
The body’s energizer, an organic compounds present in muscle fibers that is broken down through a variety of enzymatic processes
• Energy released stimulates hundreds of microscopic filaments within each cell, triggering muscle contraction
Pyruvate
a byproduc
