Book #1, Chapter #6, Grammar, Set #1 Flashcards
Conjugate the verb “saber”.
yo sé
tú sabes
usted/él/ella sabe
nosotros/as sabemos
vosotros/as sabéis
ustedes/ellos/ellas saben
Conjugate the verb “conocer”.
yo conozco
tu conoces
Usted/él/ella conoce
nosotros/as conocemos
vosotros/as conocéis
ustedes/ellos/ellas conocen
What is “the personal a” and how is it used?
When the direct object of the verb “conocer” is a person or pet, the “personal a” is used:
“¿Conoce a Celia Cruz?”: Do you know Celia Cruz?
The personal a is placed before the direct object.
What is the special rule about conjugating the verbs “parecer” and “ofrecer”?
They are conjugated like the verb “conocer”.
Give all of the indirect object pronouns by number and person.
me (to, for) me
te (to, for) you (familiar)
le (to, for) you (formal), (to, for) him/her
nos (to, for) us
os (to, for) you (familiar plural)
les (to, for) you (formal plural), (to, for) them
What is the special rule about stating indirect object nouns in a Spanish sentence?
Spanish speakers often use both an indirect object pronoun and the noun to which it refers in a single sentence. This is done to clarify and emphasize to whom the pronoun refers:
A) Ella la vende la ropa a Elena
B) Les prestamos el dinero a Inés y a Álex.
Where are indirect object pronouns usually placed in a Spanish sentence?
Usually before the conjugated form of a verb. In negative sentences, it is placed between “no” and the conjugated form of the verb.
A) Martin me compra un regalo.
Martin is buying me a gift.
B) Eva no me escribe cartas.
Eva doesn’t write me letters.
What is the special rule about using indirect object pronouns in sentences with an infinitive or a verb in the present progressive?
When a conjugated verb is followed by an infinitive or the present progressive, the indirect object may be placed before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive or the present participle. When an indirect object pronoun is attached to the present participle, an accent mark is added to maintain the proper stress.
A) Él no quiere pagarte/Él no te quiere pagar.
He does not want to pay you.
B) Él está esribiéndo una postal a ella./ Él le está escribiendo una postal a ella.
He is writing a postcard to her.
What is the special rule about using the preposition “a” with the indirect pronouns “le” and “les”?
Since the indirect object pronouns le and les have multiple meanings, Spanish speakers often clarify to whom the pronouns refer with the preposition “a” + [pronoun] or “a” + [noun].
A) Yo le compro un abrigo. –> Yo le compro un abrigo a usted/él/ella.
B) Ella le describe un libro –> Ella le describe un libro a Juan.
C) Él les vende unos sombreros –> Él les vende unos sombreros a ustedes/ellos/ellas.
D) Ellos les hablan my claro. –> Ellos les hablan muy claro a los clientes.
What is the special rule about the irregular verbs “dar” and “decir” with indirect object pronouns? How are these two verbs conjugated?
The irregular verbs “dar” and “decir” are often used with indirect object pronouns.
Dar:
yo doy
tú das
usted/él/ella da
nosotros/as damos
vosotros/as dais
ustedes/ellos/ellas dan
Decir:
yo digo
tú dices
usted/él/ella dice
nosotros/as decimos
vosotros/as decís
ustedes/ellos/ellas dicen
What are the verb endings for the preterite tense of -ar, -er and -ir verbs?
-ar:
yo -é
tú -aste
usted/él/ella -ó
nosotros/as -amos
vosotros/as -asteis
ustedes/ellos/ellas -aron
-er:
yo -í
tú -iste
usted/él/ella -ió
nosotros/as -imos
vosotros/as -isteis
ustedes/ellos/ellas -ieron
-ir:
[same endings as the -er verbs]
What is the special rule about -ar and -ir verbs conjugated in the first person plural in the preterite and present tenses?
The two conjugations are identical. Context is the only way to tell which tense is being used.
A) En invierno compramos ropa.
In the winter, we buy clothes.
B) Anoche compramos unos zapatos.
Last night we bought some shoes.
What is the special rule about -ar and -er verbs that have a stem change in the present when conjugated in the preterite?
These verbs do not have a stem change in the preterite.
A) Present: La tienda cierra a las seis.
Preterite: La tienda cerró a las seis.
B) Present: Carlitos vuelve tarde.
Preterite: Carlitos volvió.
C) Present: Él juega al fútbol.
Preterite: Él jugó al fútbol.
What is the special rule about -ir verbs with a stem change in the present tense when conjugated in the preterite?
These verbs do have a stem change in the preterite (unlike stem-changing -ar and -er verbs).
What is the rule about verbs that end in -car, -gar, or -zar when conjugated in the first person singular preterite tense? What about the other persons and numbers?
They have a spelling change in the first person preterite:
A) buscar busc- qu- yo busqué
B) llegar lleg- gu- yo llegué
C) empezar empez- c- yo empecé
Except for the yo form, all other forms of -car, -gar and -zar verbs are regular in the preterite.