Book #1, Chapter #12, Grammar, Set #1

Question 1

What are relative pronouns and how are they used?

Answer 1

Relative pronouns are used to combine two sentences or clauses that share a common element, such as a noun or pronoun.

Examples:
A) 1) Mis padres me regalaron la aspiradora. (My parents gave me the vacuum cleaner)

2) La aspiradora funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner works really well)

1 + 2) La aspiradora que mis padres me regalaron funciona muy bien. (The vacuum cleaner that my parents gavve me works really well)

B) 1) Lourdes es my inteligente. (Lourdes is very intelligent)

2) Lourdes estudia español. (Lourdes studies Spanish)

1 + 2) Lourdes, quien estudia Español, es muy inteligente. (Lourdes, who studies Spanish, is very intelligent)

Question 2

What are the three Spanish relative pronouns?

Answer 2

1) “Que”: that; which; who
2) “Quien(es)”: who; whom; that
3) “Lo que”: that which; what

Note: Although interrogative pronouns (què, quièn, etc.) always carry an accent, relative pronouns never carry a written accent.

Question 3

How do you use the relative pronoun “que”?

Answer 3

“Que” is the most frequently used relative pronoun. It can refer to things or people. Unlike its English counterpart, “that”, “que” is never omitted.

Examples:
1) ¿Dònde esta la cafetera que comprè? (Where is the coffee maker (that) I bought?)

2) El hombre que limpia es Pedro. (The man who is cleaning is Pedro)

Question 4

How do you use the relative pronoun “quien”?

Answer 4

The relative pronoun “quien” refers only to people, and is often used after a preposition of the personal “a”. “Quien” has only two forms: “quien”(singular) “queines” (plural).

Question 5

What is the special rule about using “quien”.

Answer 5

Quien(es) is occasionally used instead of “que” in clauses set off by commas.

1) Lola, quien es cubana, es mèdica. (Lola, who is Cuban, is a doctor.)
2) Su tìa, que el alemana, ya llegò. (Her aunt, who is German, already arrived.)

Question 6

How do you the expression “lo que”?

Answer 6

Unlike “que” and “quien(es)”, lo que doesn’t refer to a specific noun. It refers to an idea, a situation, or a past event and means “what”, “that which”, or “the thing that”.

1) Lo que me molesta es el calor. (What bothers me is the heat.)
2) Lo que quiere es una casa. (What I want is a house.)

Question 7

What are the formal command forms and how do you use them?

Answer 7

Formal commands are the command forms used with people who are addressed as “usted” and “ustedes”. The usted and ustedes commands, like the negative tù commands, are formed by dropping the final -o of the present tense “yo” form of a verb. For -ar verbs, add -e or -en. For -er or -ir verbs, add -a or -an.

Question 8

What is the special rule about the formal command forms of verbs with irregular “yo” forms.

Answer 8

They retain their irregularity in their formal commands.

1) Oiga, don Manolo… (Listen, Don Manolo…)
2) Hagan la cama antes de salir. (Make the bed before leaving.)

Question 9

What is the special rule about the formal command forms of stem-changing verbs?

Answer 9

Verbs maintain their stem changes in usted and ustedes commands.

1) No piedra la llave.
2) Sirva la sopa, por favor.

Question 10

What is the special rule about the formal command forms of verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar?

Answer 10

They have a spelling change in the command forms.

1) sacar c -> qu saque, saquen
2) jugar g -> gu juegue, jueguen
3) almorzar z -> c almerce, almuercen

Question 11

List all verbs with irregular formal command forms and give those forms.

Answer 11

Infinitive: Ud. command: Uds. command
dar dè den
estar estè estèn
ir vaya vayan
saber sepa sepan
ser sea sean

Question 12

How do you make a formal command negative?

Answer 12

Simply place “no” before the verb.

Question 13

Where do reflexive, indirect and direct object pronouns go in affirmative commands?

Answer 13

They are always attached to the end of the verb.

1) Sièntense, por favor.
2) Acuèstense ahora.

Question 14

What is the rule about accent marks when attaching a pronoun to an affirmative command that has two or more syllables?

Answer 14

An accent mark is added to maintain the original stress.

1) limpie -> lìmpielo
2) lean -> lèanlo
3) diga -> dìgamelo
4) sacudan -> sacùdanlos

Question 15

Where are pronouns placed in a negative formal command?

Answer 15

Always before the verb, but after the “no”.

1) No se preocupe.
2) No me lo dè.
3) No los ensucien.
4) No nos las traigan.

Question 16

What is the rule about using usted and ustedes with formal command forms?

Answer 16

They can be used to strike a more formal tone. When used this way, they follow the command form.

1) Muèstrele usted la foto a su amigo. (Show the photo to your friend.)
2) Tomen ustedes esta mesa. (Take this table.)

Question 17

What is the subjunctive mood used to convey?

Answer 17

The subjunctive mood is used to express the speaker’s attitude towards events, as well as to express actions or states that the speaker views as uncertain or hypothetical.

Question 18

How do you form the present subjunctive form of verbs?

Answer 18

From the “yo” form of the present indicative, drop the -o ending and replace it with the subjunctive endings.

Question 19

Give all the present subjunctive endings.

Answer 19

A) -ar verbs:
yo                   -e
tu                    -es
el/ella/ud.      -en
nosotros        -emos
vosotros        -èis
uds./ellos/ellas      -en

B) -er and -ir verbs:
yo                    -a
tu                     -as
ud./el/ella        -a
nosotros          -amos
vosotros          -àis
uds./ellos/ellas       -an

Question 20

How do you conjugate verbs with irregular “yo” forms in the present subjunctive?

Answer 20

They retain the same irregularity in all forms of the present subjunctive.

Question 21

How do you conjugate verbs ending in -car, -gar, and -zar in the present subjunctive?

Answer 21

They have a spelling change in all forms of the subjunctive.

Examples:
A) sacar -> saque, saques, saque, saquemos, saquèis, saquen
B) jugar -> juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos, juguèis, jueguen
C) almorzar -> almuerce, almuerces, almuerce, almorcemos, almorcèis, almercen

Question 22

How do you conjugate -ar and -er stem-changing verbs in the present subjunctive?

Answer 22

They have the same stem changesin the subjunctive.

Question 23

How do you conjugate -ir stem-changing verbs in the present subjunctive?

Answer 23

-Ir stem-changing verbs have the same stem changes in the subjunctive as they do in the present indicative, but, in addition, the nosotros/as, and vosotros/as forms undergo a stem change. The unstressed e changes to i, while the unstressed o changes to u.

A) pedir (e:i): pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidàis, pidan
B) sentir (e:ie): sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintàis, sientan
C) dormir (o:ue): duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmàis, duerman

Question 24

List and all six verbs that are irregular in the subjunctive and conjugate them.

Answer 24

A) dar
yo                dè
tù                 des
ud./èl/ella    dè
nosotros      demos
vosotros      deis
uds./ellos/as       den

B) estar
yo                estè
tù                 estès
ud./èl/ella    estè
nosotros      estemos
vosotros      estèis
uds./ellos/as       estèn

C) ir
yo                vaya
tù                 vayas
ud./èl/ella    vaya
nosotros      vayamos
vosotros      vayàis
uds./ellos/as       vayan

D) saber
yo                sepa
tù                 sepas
ud./èl/ella    sepa
nosotros      sepamos
vosotros      sepàis
uds./ellos/as       sepan

E) ser
yo                sea
tù                 seas
ud./èl/ella    sea
nosotros      seamos
vosotros      seàis
uds./ellos/as       sean

F) hay (there is) -> haya

Question 25

How is the subjunctive mood typically used?

Answer 25

To express 1) will and influence, 2) emotion, 3) doubt, disbelief, and denial, and 4) indefiniteness and nonexistence.

Question 26

What kind of sentences is the subjunctive usually used in?

Answer 26

Usually in sentences that consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause. The main clause contains a verb or expression that triggers the use of the subjunctive. The conjunction que connects the subordinate clause to the main clause.

A) Es muy importante que vayas al hotel ahora mismo.

Question 27

What impersonal expression are always followed by clauses in the subjunctive?

Answer 27

A) Es bueno que… (it’s good that)
B) Es mejor que… (it’s better that)
C) Es malo que… (it’s bad that)
D) Es necesario que… (it’s necessary that)
E) Es importante que… (it’s important that)
F) Es urgente que… (it’s urgent that)

Question 28

What are verbs of will and influence often used for?

Answer 28

When someone wants to affect the actions or behavior of others.

Examples:

A) Enrique quiere que salgamos a cenar. (Enrique wants us to go out to dinner.)

B) Paola prefiere que cenemos en casa. (Paola prefers that we have dinner at home.)

Question 29

List widely used verbs of will and influence.

Answer 29

aconsejar (to advise)
desear (to wish; to desire)
importar (to be important; to matter)
insistir (en) (to insist (on))
mandar (to order)
necesitar (to need)
pedir (e:i) (to ask (for))
preferir (e:ie) (to prefer)
prohibir (to prohibit)
querer (e:ie) (to want)
recomendar (e:ie) (to recommend)
rogar (o:ue) (to beg)
sugerir (e:ie) (to suggest)

Question 30

List impersonal expressions that are considered expressions of will or influence.

Answer 30

es necesario que, es importante que, es mejor que, es urgente que.