Book #1, Chapter #14, Grammar, Set #1 Flashcards
When is the subjunctive mood used with adjective or subordinate clauses?
When used in an adjective clause, the subjunctive is used to express an action or state undertaken by a person, place, thing, or idea that either does not exist or whose existence is uncertain or unknown.
Examples:
1) Indicative: Necesito el libro que tiene información sobre Venezuela. (I need the book that has information about Venezuela.)
Subjunctive: Necesito un libro que tenga información sobre Venezuela. (I need a book that has information about Venezuela.)
2) Indicative: Quiero vivier en esta casa que tiene jardín. (I want to live in this house that has a garden.)
Subjunctive: Quiero vivir en una casa que tenga jardín. (I want to live in a house that has a garden.)
3) Indicative: En mi barrio, hay una heladería que vende helado de mango. (In my neighborhood, there is an ice cream shop that sells mango ice cream.)
Subjunctive: En mi barrio no hay ninguna heladería que venda helado de mango. (In my neighborhood, there is no ice cream shop that sells mango ice cream.)
What is the rule about the personal “a” with direct objects that are hypothetical people?
It is not used in this case. However, “alguien” and “nadie” are always preceded by the personal a when they are used as direct objects.
When is the subjunctive used in questions with adjective clauses?
The subjunctive is used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she is uncertain. However, if the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used.
List some verbs that are commonly followed by adjective clauses.
buscar conocer encontrar haber necesitar querer
What are nosotros/as commands? How are they formed and what phrase do they correspond to in English.
Nosotros/as commands are orders or suggestions that include oneself and other people. These commands correspond to the English phrase “let’s”. The nosotros/as command form of a verb is the same as its nosotros/as form in the present subjunctive.
Aside from nosotros/as commands, how is the Spanish equivalent of the English phrase “let’s” created?
The Spanish construction “vamos a [infinitive]” can also be used to express “let’s [infinitive]”. However, this same construction can also be translated as “we are going to do [something]”. Context and tone of voice determine which use is being expressed.
How do you say “let’s go” in Spanish?
Instead of the nosotros/as command form, the present indicative of the verb “vamos” is used.
a) Vamos a la pescadería. (Let’s go to the fish market.)
b) No vayamos a la pescadería. (Let’s not go to the fish market.)
What is the rule about using object pronouns with affirmative nosotros/as commands?
Object pronouns are always attached to nosotros/as commands. A written accent is added to maintain the original stress.
A) Firmemos el cheque. Firmémoslo.
(Sign the check.) (Let’s sign it.)
B) Escribamos a Ana y Raúl. Escribámosles.
(Let’s write to Ana and Raul.) (Let’s write to them.)
Where are object pronouns placed in negative nosotros/as commands?
In front of the verb, but after the word “no”.
a) No les paguemos el préstamo. (Let’s not pay them the loan.)
b) No lo compremos. (Let’s not buy it.)
What happens when “nos” or “se” are attached to an affirmative nosotros/as command?
The final -s is dropped from the verb ending.
a) Sentémonos allí. (Let’s sit there.)
b) Démesolo a ella (Let’s give it to her.)
What are the affirmative and negative nosotros/as command forms of “irse”?
“Vámonos” and “no no vayamos”.
a) ¡Vámonos de vacaciones! (Let’s go away on vacation!)
b) No nos vayamos de aqui. (Let’s not go away from here.)
Give all the endings for the future tense of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs. What do you add these endings to in order to form the future tense of these verbs?
The endings for the future tense are added to the infinitive form of a verb to form its future tense.
All -ar, -er, and -ir verbs:
yo -é nosotros/as -emos
tú -ás vosotros/as -éis
ud./el/ella -á uds./ellos/ellas -án
What are the endings of the future tense of irregular verbs? List all verbs that are irregular in the future and their stems.
The endings for irregular verbs in the future tense are the same as for regular verbs. The only difference is tat the endings are added to the irregular stem instead of the ending being added to the infinitive.
Irregular verbs, their stems, and the future first person singular:
decir dir- diré
hacer har- haré
poder podr- podré
poner pondr- pondré
querer querr- querré
saber sabr- sabré
salir saldr- saldré
tener tendr- tendré
venir vendr- vendré
What is the future form of “hay”?
“Habrá”.
La próxima semana habrá un nuevo director. (Next week there will be a new director.)
What is the rule about the English use of “will” in order to express someone’s willingness to do something?
Although the English word “will” can be used to indicate someone’s willingness to do something. In Spanish, however, the construction “querer + [infinitive]” is always used to express willingness, not the future tense.
