World History Books > Book 1, Chapter 3, Set 5 > Flashcards
Book 1, Chapter 3, Set 5 Flashcards
When was the giant keyhole tomb constructed for emperor Nintoku in Japan? (page 89)
475 CE.
When did Buddhism become the official religion of China? (page 89)
477 CE.
When was the first Shinto shrine constructed in Japan? (page 89)
478 CE.
When did the Qi dynasty begin in southern China? (page 89)
479 CE.
When did the White Huns overthrow the Gupta empire of India? (page 89)
480 CE.
When was the accession of the first Frankish king, Clovis I? (page 89)
481 CE.
When did the Ostrogoths under Theodoric conquer Italy? (page 89)
492 CE.
When did Clovis convert to Christianity? (page 89)
c. 500 CE.
When did the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britain? (page 89)
c. 500 CE.
When was the apogee of the Early Classic Mayan civilization? (page 89)
The 500s CE.
When did Justinian become the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) emperor? (page 89)
527 CE.
When did the Codex Justinianus codify Roman law? (page 89)
534 CE.
When did Buddhism reach Japan? (page 89)
538 CE.
When was the birth of the prophet Muhammad in Mecca? (page 89)
c. 570 CE.
When was papal power extended by Gregory the Great? (page 89)
590 CE.
When did Xerxes cross the Hellespont in his campaign against Greece? (page 89)
480 BCE.
Under Xerxes the First, what are some countries and territories that were under the control of the Persian Empire? (page 93)
Under Xerxes I (485 - 465 BCE), Persia included Egypt, many Greek communities in the Aegean, and extensive areas of central Asia (reaching the Indus and extending beyond the Oxus River). Persia would later retreat from Greece, but lost no further possessions until the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 330s BCE.
Describe the rise of the Persian Empire. (page 88 - 89)
Persia started as a small state on the border of the great powers of Mesopotamia, Assyria and Babylonia. A Persian named Cyrus eventually conquered the Medes, who were another state living on the boundaries of Mesopotamia. Then he went on to conquer further border states and then finally moved on the Mesopotamian states themselves. Cyrus’ son Cambyses continued the conquests of his father, invading Egypt in 524 BCE. Persia was now a world empire in a generation. Cambyses’ brother Barydia became king after Cambyses’ death, but his son, Darius I, usurped control from Barydia and tried to create an image of a harmonius empire under his rule.
Describe Greece under the Persian Empire. (page 89)
The Greeks wanted to rebel against Persia and a few Persian-held city-states on the Ionian coast did so in 490 BCE, with Athens and Eretria sending help from mainland Greece. Persia sent a punishment mission in 490 BCE and another led by Darius’ son, emperor Xerxes I, in 480 BCE. Although some cities came to terms with the Persians immediately, others continued to resist.
Describe the Athenian statesman Pericles. (page 94 - 95)
A 5th century Athenian who enhanced democracy and juried courts in Athens. He also created an assembly of all male citizens regardless of wealth or background. He instituted compensation for poorer citizens for jury duty or attending the “ecclesia” (citizen’s assembly). Long considered the leader of Athens during its “Golden Age” (c. 451 - 429 BCE), he also restricted citizenship to only those with two Athenian parents.
Describe the Athenian magistrate Cleisthenes. (page 94)
(c. 570 - 508 BCE) He instituted major changes in the government of Athens. After overthrowing a tyranny under the son of Perisistratus, he changed the Athenian tribal system and divided the citizenry into ten “tribes” (phylae), named after Athenian heroes. Attica (the area around Athens) was divided into three areas of coast, highlands, and city, and the citizenry from these areas was further divided into demes, the smallest voting districts of the polis.
Discuss some notable events and people of 5th and 4th century Athens. (page 95)
There was a flourishing of artistic and intellectual life, with playwrights like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides exploring great philosophical themes later tackled by Plato and Aristotle. The Athens that emerged after victory against Persia in the 4th century BCE saw its Acropolis rebuilt and the great Parthenon temple completed.
Who was Aristotle? (page 95)
A northern Greek, he was one of history’s greatest philosophers and scientists, writing on many subjects, including politics. He also most famously wrote “Politics”, which explored the question of what might be the best form of government. He had a high opinion of the polis as a good way to govern and make the most of people’s talents.
Briefly describe the life of Alexander the Great. (pages 96 and 97)
He was born in July 356 BCE to Macedonian king Philip II and Philip’s fourth wife, Olympias. Educated during his teenage years by a series of prestigious tutors, (including Aristotle beginning in 343 BCE) he would rule as regent of Macedonia while Philip invaded Greece around 340 BCE. Alexander proved his mettle in combat during the battle at Chaeronea against Thebes and Athens, crushing the Sacred Band, the feared elite Theban infantry. Chaeronea was a crucial battle against a rebellious Greece. Philip II became ruler of all the Greek city-states in 338 BCE. Philip II would be assassinated by a bodyguard named Pausanias in 336 BCE, allowing Alexander to succeed him by assassinating any rivals at court. In 334 BCE, Alexander crossed the Hellespont – a body of water separating Europe from Asia Minor – at the head of an allied army. In the same year, he visited the site of Troy and conquered western Asia Minor, defeating a Persian army at Granicus. In November 333 BCE, he defeated the Persian King Darius at Issus in modern Syria, but Darius escaped. In 332 BCE, he conquered Tyre (Lebannon) and Gaza (Israel) after sieges. Also in 332 BCE, he conquered Egypt and was hailed as pharaoh and founded Alexandria. In October of 331 BCE, he met Darius again in battle at Gaugamela and defeated the Persians permanently, but Darius again escaped. Darius would be murdered by his own entourage in 330 BCE, allowing Alexander to assume leadership of the Persian Empire. Also in 330 BCE, Alexander suppressed a conspiracy in his own ranks, putting his own second-in-command, Parmenion, to death in the process. During a drunken rage in 328 BCE, Alexander murdered a close friend and high-ranking officer named Clitus the Black. In 327 BCE, he married Roxanne, a Sogdian princess, and also bloodily suppressed another conspiracy among his pages, who objected to his taking Persian customs. After invading the Punjab in 326 BCE, he defeated King Porus at the battle of Hydaspes. His beloved horse Bucephalus was killed the same year. That same year, he reached the Hyphasis River but was forced to turn back by mutinous soldiers. He started following the Jhelum tributary of the Indus River back to the sea. In 324 BCE, he led some of his men back to Persia in a march across the Gedrosian Desert that cost many of his men their lives. That same year, there was another mutiny occurs due to Alexander’s recruiting Persians. Many Macedonians were discharged at this time. Alexander’s homosexual lover, Hephaestion, died that same year, plunging Alexander into deep grief. Finally, Alexander died of a fever in Babylon on June 11th, 323 BCE, leaving his empire “to the strongest”.
Describe the aftermath of Alexander’s death and how his empire was divided. (page 99)
Alexander’s wife Roxana had a son in 332 BCE, but this son was murdered by one of the generals who wished to succeed Alexander in 310 BCE. Constant conflict raged about who was fittest to succeed Alexander from 323 to 279 BCE. Three Hellenistic states emerged from these wars: the Antigonid kingdom controlling Macedon and Greece, the Prolemiac kingdom controlling Egypt and Palestine, and the Seleucid Empire controlling Persia, Mesopotamia, and much of Anatolia.
Describe the fates of the three kingdoms that followed after Alexander the Great’s empire. (page 99)
The Antigonid kingdom eventually fell to Rome after constant internal wars with the Greek city states in 168 BCE. The Ptolemaic kingdom lasted until 30 BCE, when it was conquered by Rome under Cleopatra VII. The Seleucid Empire (founded in 312 by Seleucus I Nicator) were driven from Persia and Mesopotamia in the 2nd century BCE, were reduced to Antioch and a few other Syrian cities by 100 BCE, and finally fell to the Roman general Pompey in 64 BCE.
What was the Hellenistic Age? (page 99)
The three centuries after Alexander the Great’s death in 323 BCE. During this time, post-Classical Greek culture and ideas spread far beyond Greece into Asia, Egypt, and, most importantly, Rome.
Who was the Athenian Draco? (page 100)
Athen’s first lawgiver (c. 624 BCE). He enacted severe penalties in order to stop the aristocrats from taking the law into their own hands.
Who was the Athenian Solon? (page 100)
Athen’s appointed supreme “archon” (magistrate). In 594 BCE, after defeat by the city-state of Megara and growing social tensions, the Athenians appointed Solon. Solon’s first trial was the contemporary problem of rural impoverishment causing an agrarian and military crisis. He solved this by abolishing slavery brought about by debt, freeing the peasantry from servitude, and making wealth rather than birth the prerequisite of political office. This both eased social insecurities and also weakened the aristocracy. To encourage good governance, he created a council (“boule”) to prepare the weekly business of the cirizen’s assembly (“ecclesia”), and a popular court of appeal (heliaia) for protection against abuses of power. Citizens were divided into four classes: aristocrat, “horseman”, hoplite, and poor (thetes). Each class elected 100 representatives to the council. Poor citizens could only vote at this stage.
Who was Peisistratus? (page 100)
In 560 BCE, this Athenian aristocrat overthrew the government installed by Solon in a popular coup, initiating land reforms on behalf of the poor.
