Bones and Joints Flashcards
What is the axial skeleton?
Bones in the long axis of the body
Appendicular skeleton?
Bones attached to axial skeleton
Which 2 bones make up the upper limb girdle?
Clavicle and Scapula
Which 3 bones make up the lower limb girdle?
Illium, Ischium and pubis
What two major parts are long bones made of?
Diaphysis and Epiphysis
What structures are found in the epiphysis?
- Spongy bone
- Epiphyseal line
- Articular cartilage
Describe the structures that are found in the diaphysis
- Medullary cavity
- Nutrient foramen
- Endosteum
- Periosteum
- Marrow
What is the function of cortical bone?
- Support
- Protection
- Calcium store
Function of spongy bone?
- Bone marrow
- Haematopoeisis
Two functions of the periosteum?
- Allows bone to attach to muscle
- Allows pathway for blood vessels
Where is the metaphysis located?
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis
How does increase in width of bone occur?
- Appositional growth
How does lenthening growth of bone occur?
Interstitial growth
Which part of the diaphysis will give rise to appositional growth?
Periosteum
Where in the epiphysis will interstitial growth occur?
Epiphyseal growth plate
What are the 6 classifications of bones? (FISSSIL)
- Flat
- Irregular
- Short
- Sesamoid
- Sutural
- Long
Give 2 examples of long bones
- Humerus
- Femur
Give an example of an irregular bone
Vertebra
Give 2 examples of flat bone
Bones of the skull and ribs
Give 2 examples of short bones
Carpals and tarsals
Give an example of a sesamoid bone
Patella
What is the function of the patella?
- Relieve pressure
- Reduce friction
- Can change the way muscle pulls
Identify structures 4-7 on the image of the posterior elbow
- Olecranon
- Medial Epicondyle
- Ulna
- Radius
Identify structures on the anterior elbow (except 2,4,11)
- Humeral Shaft
- Lateral epicondyle
- Radial head
- Radial neck
- Radial tuberosity
- Radial shaft
- Ulnar shaft
- Radial notch of ulna
- Trochlea
- Medial epicondyle
Identify the structures 1-5 at the proximal end of the anterior humerus
- Greater tuberosity
- Intertubercular groove
- Humeral head
- Lesser tuberosity
- Surgical neck
Identify the structures 1 and 2 on the proximal end of the posterior humerus
- Greater tuberosity
- Humeral head
What attaches to a tuberosity?
Ligaments
Name the joint labelled 7
Articular facets
Identify label F
Transverse foramen
What structure is coloured red?
Glenoid fossa
What is a “fossa”?
A shallow depression
Identify the labelled structure
Anterior superior iliac spine
What type of ossification occurs at the bones in the head and the clavicle?
Intramembraneous ossification
What type of ossification occurs at any other bones in the body?
Endochronal ossification
What type of joint is found between the epiphysis and diaphysis (epiphyseal growth plate)?
Primary cartilaginous joint
What type of joint is shown here?
Primary cartilaginous
What type of joint is shown here and is it synovial?
Ball and socket - yes
What type of joint is the elbow and knee?
Synovial hinge
What type of joint is shown here labelled the interosseous membrane?
Syndesmoses
Identify the structures shown on the posterior knee (except D, E, F, L, M)
A. femur
B. patella
C. lateral condyle
G. fibula
H. tibia
I. medial condyle
J. PCL
K. ACL
N. Patellar ligament
Identify the structures on the anterior knee
- medial condyle
- posterior cruciate ligament
- anterior cruciate ligament
- medial collateral ligament
- patellar ligament
- tibia
- fibula
- lateral meniscus
- lateral condyle
- femur
What movement is shown here and what is the opposite of it?
Adduction, opposite is abduction
What movement is shown here and what is its opposite??
Extension of the deltoid, flexion is opposite
What movement is shown on the left and right respectively?
Left: Depression
Right: Elevation
What movements are shown here?
Left: protraction
Right: retraction
What movement is shown here?
Circumduction
What movements are shown here?
Left: pronation
Right: supination
What movements are shown here?
Left: inversion
Right: eversion
