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ANP 1111 > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are in the spine?

A

7

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the spine?

A

12

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the spine?

A

5

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4
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are in the spine?

A

5

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5
Q

How many coccygeal vertebrae are in the spine?

A

3 to 4

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6
Q

3 main functions of the spine

A

Weight bearing, anchor for muscles and ligaments, protection of the spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the curvature of the spine?

A

Curvature allows the spine to resist pressure and other forces, and offers resilience and flexibility

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8
Q

Major supporting ligaments of the vertebral column:

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

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9
Q

Function of the anterior longitudinal ligament:

A

Prevents hyperextension of the spine

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10
Q

Function of the posterior longitudinal ligament:

A

Prevents hyperflexion of the spine

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11
Q

Shape and attachment of the anterior longitudinal ligament:

A

Broad ligament, strongly attached to vertebrae and discs

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12
Q

Shape and attachment of the posterior longitudinal ligament:

A

Narrow and weaker ligament, attached only to vertebral discs

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13
Q

What are intervertebral discs?

A

Cushioning in between vertebrae

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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of an intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus

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15
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The center of the intervertebral disc. Elastic and compressible

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16
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

The outside “ring” of the intervertebral disc. Holds together successive vertebrae and resists tension in the spine

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17
Q

Where are intervertebral discs the thickest? Why?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine. They are more flexible areas, so require more cushioning and support

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18
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Compression of part of the intervertebral disc, causing the nucleus pulposus to bulge out.

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19
Q

What are the 2 parts of a typical vertebrae?

A

Weight bearing body, vertebral arch

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20
Q

What are the parts of the vertebral arch?

A

2 pedicles + 2 laminae

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21
Q

Arch + body enclose a vertebral foramen. What passes through it?

A

The spinal cord

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22
Q

Pedicles have notches on their superior and inferior surfaces. These form:

A

Intervertebral foramina

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23
Q

What passes through intervertebral foramina?

A

Nerves

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24
Q

What are the 7 processes from each vertebral arch?

A

1 spinous process, 2 transverse processes, paired superior and inferior articular processes

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25
Q

What is the function of the spinous process?

A

Site of muscle attachment

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26
Q

What is the function of the transverse processes?

A

Site of muscle attachment

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27
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior articular processes?

A

Link vertebrae above and below, smooth, collagen-coated facets for articulation

28
Q

Describe a typical cervical vertebrae:

A

1) Body is broader side to side than front to back
2) Spinous process is short and split at the end (except for C7)
3) Large vertebral foramen
4) Each transverse process contains a transverse foramen for passage of the vertebral artery to the brain

29
Q

What is the name of C1?

A

Atlas

30
Q

What is the structure of atlas?

A

1) No body and no spinous process
2) Posterior and anterior neural arches
3) Lateral masses with superior and inferior articular facets

31
Q

Articulation of superior articular facets with occipital condyles allows:

A

Up and down movement (shaking head yes)

32
Q

What is the name of C2?

A

Axis

33
Q

What is the structure of axis?

A

More like C3-C7, except for the presence of the dens (odontoid process)

34
Q

What is the dens?

A

A small, bony projection on the body of axis, allowing rotational movement

35
Q

What is the structure of thoracic vertebrae?

A

1) Body is roughly heart shaped, and had paired demi-facets for ribs
2) Vertebral foramen is circular
3) Has a long, downwards pointing spinous process
4) Transverse processes have facets for articulation with tubercles of the ribs (transverse costal facet)

36
Q

What is the structure of lumbar vertebrae?

A

1) Pedicles and laminae are shorter and thicker
2) Spinous processes are flat and short, project directly back
3) Vertebral foramen is triangular
4) Curved inferior and superior facets

37
Q

Describe the structure and function of the lumbar vertebrae’s inferior and superior facets

A

Superior curves downwards, inferior curves upwards. This causes the vertebrae to interlock.

38
Q

What is the structure of sacral vertebrae?

A

1) Starts as 5 separate vertebrae that fuse during adolescence to form the sacrum

39
Q

The sacrum articulates with:

A

5th lumbar vertebrae, hip bones (sacroiliac joint)

40
Q

What are the coccygeal vertebrae?

A

3 or 4 vertebrae that fuse to form the coccyx

41
Q

What is the function of the coccygeal vertebrae?

A

Site of attachment for some pelvic ligaments, but otherwise rather useless

42
Q

What is the sternum?

A

Anterior midline of the thorax

43
Q

The sternum is formed from the fusion of 3 bones. Name the bones:

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

44
Q

The manubrium articulates with the ___ via the ___

A

Clavicles, clavicular notches

45
Q

The manubrium also articulates with:

A

The first pair of ribs

46
Q

Some abdominal muscles attach to the:

A

Xiphoid process

47
Q

What is the sternal notch?

A

The palpable indentation at the top of the manubrium

48
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Cartilaginous hinge between manubrium and body of sternum

49
Q

What is the xiphisternal joint?

A

Fusion of the sternal body and the xiphoid process

50
Q

How many true ribs are there?

A

7 pairs

51
Q

What are true ribs?

A

Ribs that attach directly to the sternum

52
Q

How many false ribs are there?

A

5 pairs

53
Q

How do ribs 8-10 attach to the sternum?

A

Indirectly through costal cartilages and rib 7

54
Q

How do ribs 11-12 attach to the sternum?

A

They don’t. They do not attach anteriorly to anything, making them floating ribs

55
Q

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

A

The scapulae and clavicles

56
Q

What is the point of the curvature of the clavicles?

A

Ensures that if there is a fracture, the bone breaks away from the subclavian artery

57
Q

How do the scapulae attach to other bones?

A

Laterally only

58
Q

Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is ___ and ___ reinforced

A

Shallow, poorly

59
Q

What is the humerus?

A

Longest bone of the upper limb, and only bone of the upper arm

60
Q

The humerus articulates with:

A

Scapula proximally, radius and ulna distally

61
Q

Which part of the humerus articulates with the radius?

A

The capitulum

62
Q

Which part of the humerus articulates with the ulna?

A

The trochlea

63
Q

The ulnar nerves runs behind the:

A

Medial epicondyle

64
Q

What is the intertubercular sulcus?

A

The indentation between the greater and lesser tubercles. Site of muscle attachment for the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major

65
Q

What is the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Most lateral, bony part of the shoulder.

66
Q

What muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor (rotator cuff muscles)

67
Q

What attaches to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

A

Subscapularis (4th rotator cuff muscle)

ANP 1111 (7 decks)

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