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First Aid > Bone, muscle & joint injuries > Flashcards

Bone, muscle & joint injuries Flashcards

1
Q

DISLOCATION

- 1 rule + how to treat

A
  • DO NOT try to manipulate bone back into place, this is a job for experts and can cause more damage
  • otherwise treat same as fracture
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2
Q

4 types of FRACTURE (+ details)

A

CLOSED - clean break, no complications
COMPLICATED - may include trapped blood vessels, nerve, etc.
OPEN - has broken skin (bone may not still be visible), high risk of infection
GREEN STICK - bone is split but not totally severe, common on flexible child bones, often mistaken for sprain/strain

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3
Q

FRACTURE

- 8 poss. signs + symptoms

A
  • pain at site
  • loss of power (e.g. lifting with arm)
  • unnatural movement (‘unstable’ fracture)
  • swelling or bruising at site
  • deformity
  • irregularity (lumps or depression along bone)
  • crepitus (sound of bone grating)
  • tenderness at site
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4
Q

what is especially important for ‘unstable’ fractures?

A

take care to prevent fracture moving

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5
Q

BASIC FRACTURE
- treatment

(3 things)

A
  • reassure casualty, tell to keep still
  • keep injury still with hands
  • wait for emergency services
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6
Q

BASIC FRACTURE
- don’ts

(3 things)

A
  • try to move patient unless in danger
  • try to bandage fracture (but do cover open wounds with sterile dressing)
  • give anything to eat or drink (may need operation)
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7
Q 
upper limb (arm) fracture
- treatment

(2 things)

A
  • carefully place arm in sling

- arrange transport to hospital

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8
Q

when should you call emergency services for upper limb fracture?

(4 things)

A
  • severe pain
  • circulation affected
  • nerves affected
  • you are unsure
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9
Q 
lower limb (leg) fracture
- treatment

(4 things)

A
  • keep casualty warn and still
  • call emergency services
  • if emergency services delayed, immobilise the injury by bandaging the sound leg to injured leg
  • check circulation beyond injury/bandages, adjust bandages if necessary
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10
Q

putting on SUPPORT SLING

A
  • place sling between body and fracture arm
  • bring bottom of sling forward around arm and over shoulder
  • bring top of sling behind neck/shoulder, tie to other end of sling
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11
Q

putting on ELEVATED SLING

A
  • wrap sling around fractured arm
  • one end goes behind back, other over front of should
  • tie behind back, adjusting to elevate
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12
Q

how can you tell the difference between a sprain/strain and fracture?

A

often can’t without X-ray

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13
Q

SPRAINS + STRAINS
- treatment (acronym)

(4 things)

A

RICE

Rest
Ice (ASAP)
Compression (with non-constrictive bandage)
Elevation

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14
Q

what is the best procedure for ice on sprain/strain?

timing + 1 safety precaution

A
  • ASAP for 10 mins
  • then 10 mins every 2 hours, for 24 hours
  • always wrap icepack in cloth to prevent frostbite
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15
Q

in what instances should you suspect spinal injury?

7 examples

A
  • if blow to head, neck or back
  • fallen from height
  • dived into shallow water
  • accident involving speed (e.g. car)
  • ‘cave in’ incident (e.g. crushing, rugby scrum)
  • multiple injuries
  • if in any doubt
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16
Q

SPINAL INJURY

- 7 signs + symptoms

A
  • pain or tenderness on neck or back
  • signs of fracture in neck or back
  • loss of control of limbs below injury
  • loss of feeling in limbs
  • sensations in limbs (e.g. pins and needles, burning)
  • breathing difficulties
  • incontinence
17
Q

SPINAL INJURY
- treatment of conscious casualty

(3 things)

A
  • DON’T MOVE unless in severe danger
  • reassure + tell not to move
  • hold head + neck still, in line with upper body
  • call emergency services
18
Q

SPINAL INJURY

- treatment of unconscious but breathing casualty

A
  • DON’T MOVE unless in severe danger
  • no need to tilt head back if casualty breathing normally
  • monitor breathing
  • call emergency services
  • hold head still with your hand, in line with upper body
  • move into recovery position if needed
  • keep casualty warm
19
Q

when should spinal injury casualties be moved into the recovery position?

(3 reasons)

A
  • if you leave the casualty
  • if casaulty starts vomiting
  • other concerns about airway
20
Q

SPINAL INJURY
- treatment of unconscious casualty who is not breathing

(4 things)

A
  • may use head tilt to open airway (or for rescue breaths)
  • re-check breathing once airway opened, before starting rescue breaths
  • call emergency services
  • begin resuscitation, with help keeping head/neck in line with body
21
Q

how should you move a spinal injury casualty onto their side?

A

LOG ROLL (needs 3 people or more)
or
RECOVERY POSITION

22
Q

how to perform a log roll?

6 things

A
  • 1 person supports head
  • others kneel along one side
  • carefully straighten legs + arms
  • working together, roll casualty towards the group
  • coordinate movement! count people in
  • if possible, keep holding in this position until ambulance arrives
23
Q

special considerations for recovery position with spinal injury

(5 things)

A
  • always do log roll if you have enough people
  • get a helper: 1 person to hold head, 1 to roll
  • when rolling, count in and pull in shoulder and knee equally
  • if no one to help, use padding (e.g. folded coat) to keep head supported

First Aid (10 decks)

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