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RRPA Pathophysiology II > Bone - Mace (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Bone - Mace (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of supporting cartilages?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
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2
Q

What are the types of bones (osseous CT)?

A
  • Compact bone tissue
  • Spongy bone tissue
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3
Q

What cartilage is made of dense regular CT and anchors bone to bone?

A

Ligaments (think about the “I” as looking like a bone to help remember bone-to-bone)

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4
Q

What cartilage is made of dense regular CT and anchors muscle to bone?

A

Tendons

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5
Q

Cartilage is composed of semi-rigid connective tissue that is ___ (more/less) flexible than bone

A

more

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6
Q

Cartilage contains a semisolid matrix. What is it composed of?

A

Ground substance, collagen, and elastic fibers, but NO calcium salt

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7
Q

What component of cartilage produces matrix and surrounds themselves until they become trapped in little cavities (lacunae)?

A

Chondroblasts

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8
Q

Once chondroblasts are enclosed in lacunae, what do they become?

A

Chondrocytes

B (blasts) comes before C (cytes)

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9
Q

What component of cartilage is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage?

A

Perichondrium

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10
Q

Perichondrium contains a reserve population of ____ that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life

A

chondroblasts

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11
Q

In its mature state, cartilage is ___ (no blood supply)

A

Avascular

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12
Q

Since cartilage is avascular how does it receive nutrients?

A
  • Diffusion - brings nutrients and removes wastes
  • This is why cartilage heals slowly after damage
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13
Q

What would heal more slowly - a meniscal tear or fractured bone?

A

Meniscal tear (due to being made of cartilage and decreased blood supply)

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14
Q

Where are some areas that fibrocartilage is located in the body?

A
  • Pelvis
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Intervertebral discs
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15
Q

Where are some areas that hyaline cartilage is located in the body?

A

Areas of high movement:

  • Ends of bones
  • Connecting ribs to sternum (costal cartilage)
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16
Q

What area of the body has both fibrocartilage and hyaline in the same joint?

A

Knee

(Ends of bones = hyaline and in between there are menisci = fibrocartilage)

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17
Q

The center for growth in a bone occurs at?

A

The epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

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18
Q

What is the most common type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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19
Q

What type of cartilage has a glassy appearing matrix and contains invisible fine collagen fibers?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is usually covered by?

A

Perichondrium

(“Chondrium covers”)

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21
Q

Hyaline cartilage is located in areas of high movement. What are some other specific areas of the body you would find it?

A
  • Tip of nose
  • Trachea & bronchioles, most larynx
  • Costal cartilage
  • Articular cartilage
  • Epiphyseal plate
  • Fetal skeleton (hyaline CT can transform into bone)
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22
Q

What type of cartilage contains a conspicuous weblike mesh of elastic fibers?

A

Elastic

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23
Q

Elastic cartilage is covered by?

A

Perichondrium (same as hyaline)

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24
Q

What type of cartilage provides flexible, elastic support in the outer ear and epiglottis?

A

Elastic

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25
Q

What type of cartilage is not associated with bones?

A

Elastic

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26
Q

What type of cartilage contains large, course parallel bundles of collagen fibers?

A

Fibrocartilage

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27
Q

What cartilage is not covered by perichondrium?

A

Fibrocartilage

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28
Q

What type of cartilage resists compression and absorbs shock in the pubic symphysis, menisci, TMJ, and intervertebral discs?

A

Fibrocartilage

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29
Q

What is fibrocartilage sensitive to in particular in pregnant females?

A

Sensitive to hormones - in the last few weeks of pregnancy the pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs soften - allowing for more flexibility and delivery of the baby

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30
Q

What is the danger with the flexibility of fibrocartilage?

A

In pregnant patients - they need to be counseled regarding stretching and be careful to not overstretch as their fibrocartilage softens

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31
Q

What are the main functions of bone?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. Movement
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32
Q

How do bones provide support and protection?

A
  • Provide structural support
  • Serve as framework for the body
  • Protect many delicate tissues
    • rib cage - heart & lungs
    • cranial bone - brain
    • vertebrae - spinal cord
    • pelvis - urinary/reproductive organs/GI tract
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33
Q

How do bones provide movement for the body?

A
  • Serve as attachment sites for skeletal muscles, soft tissue, and some organs
  • Function as a system of levers, muscle contraction - exerting a pull on the skeleton
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34
Q

The process of the production of blood cells and platelets occurs in red bone marrow and is called?

A

Hemopoiesis

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35
Q

The red bone marrow contains what types of cells?

A

Stem cells that form red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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36
Q

The bone contains most of the body’s reserve of what two minerals?

A

Calcium and phosphate

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37
Q

The regulation of Ca++ in the blood stream is important for what functions?

A
  • Nerve function
  • Brain function
  • Muscular contraction
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38
Q

Where are lipids stored at in some adult bones?

A

Yellow bone marrow in shafts of bones

(When young you need to have a lot of extra blood for growth, repair, and development - as adults - not as much growth so red marrow transforms to yellow)

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39
Q

Articular cartilage at the ends of bone are?

A

Avascular!

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40
Q

The epiphyseal plate is in the region of mature bone between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphysis (two ends), which is called?

A

The metaphysis

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41
Q

In children the epiphyseal plate is a thin layer of what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

(epiphyseal plate - often break in children)

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42
Q

In adults what does the eiphyseal plate turn into?

A

Epiphyseal line (remnant of epiphyseal plate, increased calcium deposit)

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43
Q

The tough sheath covering the outer surface of bone is called?

A

Periosteum

44
Q

The periosteum is the outer fibrous layer of bone made up of what type of cartilage?

A

Dense irregular CT

45
Q

What is the function of the periosteum?

A
  • Protects bone from surrounding structures
  • Anchors blood vessels and nerves to bone surface
  • Attachment site for ligaments and tendons
46
Q

The inner cellular layer of the periosteum includes what types of cells?

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts
47
Q

What covers all internal surfaces of bone within the medullary cavity?

A

Endosteum

48
Q

The endosteum contains what types of cells?

A
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
  • Osteoblasts
  • Osteoclasts

(Same as inner cellular layer of periosteum)

49
Q

The periosteum is formed by what layers?

A
  1. Fibrous (dense irregular CT)
  2. Inner cellular layer (osteoprogenitor, blasts, cytes)
  3. Connective fibers (connect to compact bone itself)
50
Q

Red bone marrow is also known as myeloid tissue or hemopoietic tissue. What does red marrow contain?

A
  • Reticular connective tissue (has matrix)
  • Immature blood cells
  • Fat
51
Q

Where is red bone marrow located at in children?

A
  • Spongy bone
  • Medullary cavity of long bones
52
Q

Where is red bone marrow located at in adults?

A
  • Portions of the axial skeleton
    • flat bones of skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, coxae
  • Proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
53
Q

Yellow bone marrow is the product of red bone marrow ____

A

Degeneration

54
Q

Yellow bone marrow is a fatty substance that may convert back to red bone marrow during what types of events?

A
  • Severe anemia
  • Starvation
55
Q

What is the 2nd most abundant connective tissue in the body?

A

Bone tissue (12-15% of adult human body wt)

56
Q

What tissue provides greater support: bone or cartilage?

A

Bone

57
Q

What are the 4 types of cells in bone?

A
  1. Osteoprogenitor cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
58
Q

What type of bone cells are stem cells that produce cells that differentiate into osteoblasts?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

59
Q

What type of bone cell is located in periosteum and endosteum (next to medullary cavity)?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

(Progenitor = Periosteum & endosteum)

60
Q

What type of bone cell is positioned on bone surfaces and synthesizes and secretes osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

(blasts off osteoid)

61
Q

What is osteoid?

A
  • Initial semisolid form of bone matrix (protein type gel)
  • Later calcifies
62
Q

What type of bone cell becomes entrapped within the matrix they produce?

A

Osteoblasts

_(_Blasts - Become entrapped)

63
Q

What type of bone cells are mature cells that were derived from osteoblasts?

A

Osteocytes

64
Q

What type of bone cells have the ability to form lost matrix, maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stess on bone?

A

Osteocytes

65
Q

What type of bone cells may trigger deposition of new bone matrix?

A

Osteocytes

66
Q

What type of bone cells are large, multinucleated, and phagocytic?

A

Osteoclasts

67
Q

What type of bone cells are derived from fused bone marrow cells and are located on the bone surface?

A

Osteoclasts

68
Q

What type of bone cells are involved in breaking down bone?

A

Osteoclasts

(Clasts Chew)

69
Q

What are the organic components of bone tissue and what are the functions?

A
  • Osteoid (collagen protein, proteoglycans, glycoproteins) produced by osteoblasts
  • Give bone tensile strength by resisting stretching
  • Contribute to bone flexibility

(osteoid = organic)

70
Q

What are the inorganic components of bone tissue matrix?

A
  • Made of crystals of calcium phosphate called hydroxyapetite
  • Contains calcium carbonate, sodium, magnesium ions
  • Crystals deposited around collagen fibers
71
Q

What component of the bone matrix hardens the matrix and accounts for relative rigidity of bones?

A

Inorganic components (hydroxyapatite)

72
Q

There needs to be a balance of organic and inorganic substates in the bone tissue matrix and correct proportion allows for?

A

Optimal functioning

73
Q

If there is loss of protein in the bone tissue matrix what can occur?

A

Brittle bones

(ex: starvation)

74
Q

If there is insufficient calcium in the bone tissue matrix what can occur?

A

Soft bones - more osteoid = bowing

(Seen in Rickets)

75
Q

Compact bone tissue is composed of?

A

Osteons (Haverdian systems)

76
Q

The basic functional and structural units of mature compact bone are?

A

Osteons (small cylindrical structures)

77
Q

Osteons are oriented ___ to bone diaphysis

A

parallel

78
Q

What structure of compact bone is cylindrical, lies at the center of the osteon (runs parallel), and houses blood vessels and nerves?

A

Central canal

79
Q

Perforating canals are also called ___ ___ and run from one osteon to another

A

Volkmann canals

80
Q

What structure of compact bone houses blood vessels and nerves, runs perpendicular to the central canals, and helps connect multiple central canals within different osteons?

A

Perforating canals (Volkmann canals)

(perforating = perpendicular

81
Q

Rings of matrix surrounding the central canal in compact bone are called?

A

Concentric lamellae

82
Q

Rings of matrix that run immediately internal to bone periosteum are called?

A

External circumferential lamellae

83
Q

Rings of matrix that run internal to the endosteum are called?

A

Internal circumferential lamellae

84
Q

Rings of matrix between osteons in compact bone are called?

A

Interstitial lamellae

85
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Tiny interconnecting channels within bone connective tissue

86
Q

What structure of compact bone extends from each lacuna, travels through lamellae, and connects to other lacunae and central canal?

A

Canaliculi

87
Q

What structure of compact bone houses osteocyte projections permitting intercellular contact?

A

Canaliculi

88
Q

What structure of compact bone allows the travel of nutrients, minerals, gases, and wastes between blood vessels and osteocytes?

A

Canaliculi (they do a lot - these are the ones that look like little eyelashes)

89
Q

What type of bone tissue has no osteon?

A

Spongy bone

90
Q

What type of bone tissue contains a lattice of rods and plates that are called trabeculae?

A

Spongy bone

91
Q

What is the function of trabeculae?

A
  • Form a meshwork of crisscrossing bars that provide great resistance to stresses
  • Contain parallel lamellae, canaliculi connect lacunae, no central canals or perforating canals
  • Space between trabeculae = filled with bone marrow
92
Q

Bone remodeling is a continual process of bone ___ and ___

A

Deposition and resorption

93
Q

What is true regarding bone remodeling?

a. stops after adolescents
b. occurs at periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone
c. dependent on the coordinated activities of osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes
d. occurs at the same rate in all bones
e. B & C are correct

A

e. B & C are correct

94
Q

Bone remodeling continues throughout childhood and occurs at ___ rates

A

Different rates

  • distal part of femur replaced every 4-6 months
  • diaphysis of femur not completely replaced over a lifetime
  • 20% of adult skeleton replaced yearly
95
Q

The relative acitvity of osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes in bone remodeling is influenced by ___ ___ and the ___ the bones receive.

A

The relative acitvity of osteoblasts, clasts, and cytes in bone remodeling is influenced by mechanical stress and the hormones the bones receive.

96
Q

What is mechanical stress a result from?

A

From muscle contraction and gravitational forces (e.g. wt bearing exercise)

97
Q

What bone cell detects mechanical stress and what events follow?

A
  • Osteocytes detect mechanical stress
  • Communicate to osteoblasts –> inc synthesis of osteoid (in areas of mechanical stress) –> deposition of mineral salts
98
Q

What hormone stimulates the liver to produce another hormone called somatomedin?

A

Growth hormone

99
Q

What hormones stimulate growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Growth hormone
  • Somatomedin
100
Q

What hormone stimulates the metobolic rate of osteoblasts?

A

Thyroid hormone

101
Q

What stimulates calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

A

Calcitonin

102
Q

What hormone causes bone loss (bone resoption) by stimulating the osteoclast activity?

A

Parathyroid hormone

103
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoblast activity and growth of the epiphyseal plate?

A

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone)

104
Q

What increases bone loss and impairs growth at the epiphyseal plates in children?

A

Glucocorticoids

105
Q

What inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when there are chronically high levels?

A

Serotonin

106
Q

Describe the mechanism of bone formation

A
  1. Secretion of osteoid
  2. Calcification - when hydroxyapatite crystals are deposited
    1. Ca++ and phosphate ions precipitate out, form crystals
  3. Requires Vit D (calcitriol - active form) for enhancing Ca++ absorption from GI tract
  4. Vit C required for collagen formation
  5. Ca++ and phosphate required for calcification
107
Q

Describe the mechanism of bone resorption

A
  1. Bone matrix destroyed by substances made from osteoclasts
  2. Proteolytic enzyme released from lysosomes in osteoclasts
  3. Ca++ and phosphate dissolved by hydrochloric acid
  4. May occur when blood Ca++ low

RRPA Pathophysiology II (16 decks)

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