Bone Growth, Joints, Tissues And Structues

Question 1

Primary and secondary centres of endochondral ossification and how they are separated

Answer 1

Primary: Diaphyses
Secondary: Epiphyses

Separated by epiphyscal plate

Question 2

How do bones grow in length

Answer 2

Through growth plates

Question 3

How do bones grow in width

Answer 3

• Appositional growth
• OB activity produces circusfruntial lamellae
• OC mould bone shape from medullary cavity

Question 4

What is a joint?

Answer 4

Holds bones together
Is where bones meet + articulate
Involves bone shapes + soft tissue
Allows free movement / control of movement

Question 5

General cartilage composition

Answer 5

• collagen fibres found in ground substance, chondrocytes in lucuna
• blood vessels don’t penetrate cartilage
• nutrients diffused through matrix by joint loading

Question 6

Make up of hyaline cartilage:

Answer 6

Collagen barely visible
High H20 concentration - ground substance that allows the cartilage to resist compression as it absorbs the shock
FUNCTION = RESIST COMPRESSION
Smooth frictionless surface

Question 7

Function of hyaline cartilage in joints

Answer 7

Moulds to surfaces of bones where they articulate
Frictionless smooth movement
Degrades with age
Resists compression

Question 8

Fibrocartilage structure

Answer 8

• collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix
• orientation of fibres aligns with stresses

Question 9

Function of fibrocartilage in joints

Answer 9

• Generally at articulations that experience both compression and tension
• Deepening of articular surfaces - lateral and medial miniscus — distributes force over a wider area
• Acts as a buffer/ shock absorber - able to resist tension through the alignment of fibres in different movements
  RESIST COMPRESSION AND TENSION

Question 10

Words used for cartilage … cytes … blasts …. Clasts

Answer 10

CHONDROCYTES

Question 11

Ligaments and Tendons Similarities

Answer 11

Similar structure but diff function
Both made up of dense fibrous connective tissue DFCT
- collagen - densely packed
- doesn’t have ground substance really
- not much blood supply

Question 12

Word used with ligaments and tendons …Blast ….Clast

Answer 12

FIBROBLASTS

Question 13

LIGAMENTS structure

Answer 13

• connects bone to bone
• elastin + collagen means they can stretch and recoil

Question 14

TENDONS structure

Answer 14

• connect muscle to bone
• less elastin mainly collagen

Question 15

Bony congruence

Answer 15

Bony congruence = sum of the bone surfaces that form an articulation

Less congruence = more soft tissue support needed

Question 16

Tissues vs structures

Answer 16

Tissues: cells grouped together in a highly organised manner according to specific structure and function

Structures: something formed of a tissue

Question 17

FIBROUS JOINTS structure and function

Answer 17

DFCT
Structure = joints held together by DFCT - ligament like structures
Don’t move at all
- two seperate structures to allow growth but don’t allow relative movement

Question 18

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS function and structure

Answer 18

• some movement
• tissue = fibrocartilage
• various structures with special functions

Question 19

Ligament function

Answer 19

• lateral ligaments will restrict movements medically
• RESTRICT MOVEMENT AWAY FROM THEMSELVES

Question 20

Tendons function

Answer 20

(- collagen fibres and their alignment means contraction of muscles is transferred quickly to bones through tendons )

FACILITATES AND CONTROLS MOVEMENT

Question 21

Encochondral ossification

Answer 21

Process of turning cartilage into bone

Question 22

Process of turning cartilage into bone

Answer 22

Endochondral ossification

Question 23

OC allows…

Answer 23

Bone not to be too heavy???

Question 24

When do epiphiseal plates like go away. When to diaphyses and epiphyses merge ?

Answer 24

When you’re done growing

Question 25

Fibrous joints - mobility vs stablity

Answer 25

Limit movement
Provide stability

Question 26

Which has a higher elastin content - ligaments or tendons

Answer 26

Ligaments - as it allows then to stretch Aswell as recoil with the help of collagen too