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Histo & Embryo > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Organic and inorganic components to bone

A
  • Inorganic: hydroxyapatite (Ca and P)

- Organic: type I collagen and ground substance

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2
Q

Compact vs Cancellous bone

A
  • Compact: dense bone, main type in diaphysis

- Cancellous: lower density trabecular bone, found in epiphysis, short bones, and irregular bone

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3
Q

Both compact and cancellous bone show two type of organization

A
  • Mature Lamellar Bone (discrete sheets of matrix)

- Woven bone: newly formed with randomly arranged components

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4
Q

Woven Bone

A
  • Abundance of collagen, poorly mineralized
  • Osteocytes are plentiful and random
  • Important in bone development, fracture repair and bone remodeling
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5
Q

Mature lamellar bone

A
  • Collagen fibers laid down in concentric lamellae
  • Osteocytes are contained within lacunae in regular pattern
  • Main type of bone found in adults
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6
Q

Osteon

A
  • Haversian system

- Complex of concentric lamellae, central canal with artery, v and nerve, endosteum

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7
Q

Between successive lamellae are

A

Lacunae with osteocytes

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8
Q

Lacunae are interconnected by

A

Canaliculi

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9
Q

Dendritic processes of adjacent cells are in contact via

A

Gap Junctions

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10
Q

Osteon cells receive nutrients via

A

Vessels in the Central Canal

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11
Q

Spaces between the lattice of Trabeculae are sites of

A

Marrow formation

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer Covering of bone

  • Consists of inner cellular and outer fibrous layer
  • Collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with adjacent bone, joints, tendons, and ligaments
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13
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

-Progenitors, develop into osteoblasts

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14
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-Secrete matrix, synthesize collagen, GAGs, glycoproteins

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15
Q

Osteoid

A
  • Osteoblasts form it
  • Zone of unmineralized fivers
  • Osteoblasts act on this material to mineralized it, transforming it into bone
  • When osteoblasts are trapped within this matrix, they become osteocytes
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16
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Cytoplasmic projections travel within canaliculi to communicate across gap junctions
  • Maintain matrix and ion balance (namely Ca and P)
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17
Q

Internal remodeling

A
  • Osteoclasts cut path, osteoblasts secrete matrix and fibers to form new lamellae
  • Older osteons fill in central canal
18
Q

Osteoclast formation and function

A
  • Multinucleated osteoclast cells are formed from the fusion of monocytes
  • Forms a ruffled border on the bone side, seals the resorption reaction edge
19
Q

How osteoclast degrade bone

A

-Collagenase and other enzymes digest collagen and dissolve Ca

20
Q

Two forms of both grown

A

Intramembranous and endochondral

21
Q

Intramembranous ossification overview

A
  • Bone ossified directly from mesenchyme
  • Mostly flat bones, mandible, medial clavicle
  • Contributes growth of short bones and the thickening of long bones
22
Q

Endochondral ossification overview

A
  • Bone ossified from cartilaginous precursor
  • Derived from mesenchyme
  • Endochondral growth is the norm for most of the weight bearing bones
23
Q

Intramembranous Ossification steps

-bone grows within condensation of mesenchyme tissue

A
  1. ) ossification center develops (osteoblasts divide and secrete osteoid)- site of new bone formation
  2. ) Calcification begins (osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes trapped in matrix) osteoblasts on the outer edge remain active
  3. ) development of trabeculae (spongy) by action of osteoclasts on calcified bone (bone marrow cavity formed)
  4. ) development of periosteum on surface of osteoblasts layer
24
Q

Bone grows within what in endochondral ossification

A
  • Cartilaginous mold

- Mold formed in mesenchyme during fetal development

25
Q

Endochondral Ossification steps

A
  1. ) Hyaline cart mold secreted by chondroblasts
  2. ) bony collar forms through intramembranous ossification and helps maintain shape
  3. ) model lengthens and widens
  4. ) blood vessels invade, stimulating growth at the primary ossification center. Vessels fuse to create foramina
  5. ) Primary ossification center replaces the zone of calcified cartilage. Calcification kills chondrocytes and accelerates cartilage degen
  6. ) osteoclasts create and open medullary cavity as osteoblasts continue to secrete bone
  7. ) Secondary ossification center forms around epiphyseal vessels around the time of birth
  8. ) Epiphyseal line is where the primary and secondary ossification centers joint; Articular cartilage represents remnant of hyaline cartilage model
26
Q

Bone growth after early development occurs at

A

Epiphyseal plate

27
Q

Synchondrosis vs Symphysis

A

Synchondrosis is temporary hyaline cartilage connection between blocks of bone during development

Symphysis is permanent cartilaginous connection between bones; hyaline and fibrocartilage

28
Q

Synovial joints

A

Complex cartilaginous joint with capsule, Articular cavity, and Articular cartilage

29
Q

Articular cavity

A

Filled w synovial fluid derived from plasma

  • Lubes and cushions joint movement
  • Provides nutrients to Articular cartilage
30
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

—Hyaline

  • Reduces friction
  • Absorbs shock
31
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Bone resorption exceeds bone formation
  • Leading to decreased bone mineral density
  • At risk: immobilized pt and post menopausal women
  • Routinely tested for bone density using DEXA scans
32
Q

Osteopetrosis

A

-Genetic disease characterized by dense, heavy bones “marble bones”

33
Q

Causes of Osteopetrosis

A
  • Defective proton pumps/chloride channels
  • Osteoclasts lack ruffled border
  • Obliteration of bone marrow cavities causes reduced blood cell formation, anemia, and WBC loss
34
Q

Osteosarcoma

A
  • Arise from osteoprogenitor cells

- Cancer originating directly from bone (primary bone tumor) is uncommon

35
Q

The skeleton is often the site of

A

-Secondary, metastatic tumors Arising when cancer cells move into bones from malignancies in other organs

36
Q

Common origination of secondary metastatic tumors

A

Breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid

37
Q

Bone Fractures

A

Initial repair by fibrocartilage formation, then osteogenic activity

38
Q

Endosteum contains

A

-Osteoblasts and osteoclast

39
Q

How do osteoblasts become osteocytes

A

-Trapped in osteoid

40
Q

Bone Fracture steps

A
  1. ) hematoma forms
  2. ) Fibrocartilage Callus forms
  3. ) Hardy callus forms of WOVEN BONE by ossification
  4. ) Woven bone replaced by lamellar

Histo & Embryo (8 decks)

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