Bond

Question 1

What are the functions of pyrophosphate and how is it regulated

Answer 1

• It is a natural inhibitor of hydroxyapatite crystal formation
  it is regulated by:
  -Alkaline phosphate
  -ANKH protein
  -NPP1

Question 2

Describe the process of bone mineralization.

Answer 2

• Osteoblasts release matrix vesicles that contain enzymes
• Enzymes in the vesicles hydrolaze phosphate containing compunds
• Then hydroxyapatite crystals grow and minealize

Question 3

What are the hormones involbed in the process of bone mineralization

Answer 3

• Growth Hormones
  -Parathyoid Horomone
• Sex hormones

Question 4

What is the role of calcium and vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis

Answer 4

-Calcium is a major component of the bone
-Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium
-deficiency leads ro decreased bone mineral density

Question 5

What are the types of primary osteoporosis

Answer 5

• Type 1
• Type 2

Question 6

What are the normal concentrations of calcium and phosphate

How are they regulated

Answer 6

Calcium- 8.5 -10.2
Phosphate- 2.5 - 4.5

• By Parathyroid hormone

Question 7

How common is osteoporosis and who is at the highest risk

Answer 7

• Affects over 200 million people
• Women are at the highest risk due to lower estrogen levels

Question 8

What tests are used to diagnose Osteoporosis

Answer 8

• Bone Mineral Density Test:
  = DEXA

Question 9

What is the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool

Answer 9

• • A tool developed by the World health Organization
• To estimate an individuals 10 year probability of having major fractures

Question 10

What causes secondary Osteoporosis

Answer 10

-It is caused by medical conditions that affect bone metabolism such as

Question 11

What factors affect bone mass and bone strength

Answer 11

• Genetics
  -Hormone levels
  -Nutrition
  -smoking and drinking

Question 12

What is the role of Aging in the pathogenesis of Osteoporosis

Answer 12

• Bone remodelling slows down, leading to loss of bone mass and stength

Question 13

What are stable and unstable vertebral fractures

Answer 13

• Stable vertebral fractures:
• Fractures that dont cause significant spinal deformity

Unstable vertebral fractures
- Fractures that can lead to spianl deformity

Question 14

What is the most common type of Vertebral fracture

Answer 14

• Vertebral compression fracture

Question 15

What are the most common locations of major osteoporotic fractires

Answer 15

Hip, spine and wrist fractures

Question 16

What common spine curvature disorders are common in oatients with Oteoporosis

Answer 16

• Kyphosis: Outward curbature of the spine
• Lordosis:inward curvurture

Question 17

Describe the process of ostroclast activation

Answer 17

• starts with RANKL and RANK interaction
• M-CSF( Macrophages colony stimulating factor ) which binds to receptors osteoclasts
• Activated osteoclasts create an acidic envirnment by releasing hydrogen ions

Question 18

What is the pathogenesis (how it develops )of Osteoporosis

Answer 18

• By an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation

Question 19

What is the function of Osteoblast

Answer 19

• Bone forming cells
  = SYnthesize and secret the bone matrix

Question 20

What is the function of osteocytes

Answer 20

-Maintain bone tissue by regulating the mineral content

Question 21

What are the functions of osteoclasts

Answer 21

-Responsible for bone resorption