Body Systems Flashcards
What is a tissue?
Groups of cells that work together to perform a particular function
What is an organ?
Biological structures with specific fucntions composed of two or more types of tissue
What part of the body contains the integumentary system?
The skin
What are the three layers of the integumentary system?
The Epidermis, Dermis and Hypodermis
Where is Vitamin D produced?
In the Epidermis of the skin
Which layer of the integumentary system contains nerve structures, hair follicles and sebaceous glands?
The Dermis
What does the Dermis do for the Epidermis?
It supports it and supplies it with nutrients
What does the hypodermis do?
Attaches the skin to deeper tissues
Aside from the three layers of skin, what three other things can be found in the integumentary system?
Sweat glands (including the Mammary glands), Sensory receptors and nails
What is the main purpose of sweat glands?
For thermoregulation (evaporative cooling from sweat)
What are the purposes of the muscular system?
Provide movement and support the skeleton, controlling entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory and urinary system, heat production and soft tissue protection
The muscles that provide support and positioning for the axial skeleton are ___ muscles
Axial muscles
The muscles that move, support and brace limbs are ___ muscles
Appendicular muscles
Bone to muscle connections are called what?
Tendons
Muscle to Muscle connections are called what?
Aponeuroses
What is the purpose of tendons and aponeuroses?
To convert contractile forces into tasks
The skull, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, sternum and their supporting cartilages and ligaments are all part of the ___ skeleton
Axial skeleton
What are the purposes of the axial skeleton?
To support body weight over the lower limbs and to protect the brain, spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissues of the thorax
Bones not part of the axial skeleton are part of the ___ skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
What are the types of bone marrow?
Red and Yellow
What is the purpose of red bone marrow?
Red blood cell production in flat bones (pelvis, sternum, skull, ribs)
What is the purpose of yellow bone marrow?
Fat cell storage (in the medullary cavity of long bones)
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
The Central and Peripheral nervous system
What is in the central nervous system?
The brain, spinal cord and optic nerve
What is the purpose of the brain?
To complete complex integrative activities and control voluntary and involuntary processes within the body
What is the purpose of the spinal cord?
To relay information to and from the brain and to perform less complex integrative activities (eg. the reflex arc)
What does the peripheral nervous system do?
Link the central nervous system with other body systems and sense organs
What glands/organs are in the endocrine system?
Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid glands, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Kidneys, Pancreas and Gonads
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for controlling Day/Night rhythms?
The Pineal gland
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for controlling other endocrine glands and regulating growth and fluid balance?
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for regulating the metabolic rate and calcium levels?
The Thyroid and Parathyroid glands (Only calcium levels)
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for the maturation of lymphocytes?
The Thymus
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for regulating water and mineral balance, tissue metabolism and cardiovascular and respiratory function using various hormones?
The Adrenal Glands
What are some of the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands?
Aldosterone (to regulate water and mineral balance)
Cortisol (to regulate tissue metabolism)
Adrenaline (To regulate cardiovascular and respiratory function)
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for red blood cell production, maintaining blood pressure and regulating calcium levels?
The Kidneys
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for glucose control?
The Pancreas
What gland(s)/organ(s) in the endocrine system is/are responsible for sexual characteristics and reproduction?
Gonads
What glands/organs/other components are in the lymphatic and immune system?
Lymphatic vessels, Lymphatic fluid, B and T Lymphocytes, Lymph Nodes (including Tonsils), Spleen and Thymus
What is lymphatic fluid comprised of?
Lipids (fats and fatty acids) and water
What is the purpose of lymphatic vessels?
To carry lymphatic fluid and lymphocytes from peripheral tissues to the veins of the cardiovascular system
What are B and T Lymphocytes?
Cells that carry out immune responses
What do Lymph Nodes (including Tonsils) do?
Monitor the composition of lymphatic fluid and stimulate the immune response
What does the spleen do?
Monitor blood cell circulation, stores platelets, recycles red blood cells and produces immune responses like a large lymph node
What is included in the cardiovascular system?
The Heart, Blood Vessels and Blood
What does the heart do?
Propels blood and maintains blood pressure
What are the 3 different types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
Do arteries carry blood away from or to the heart?
Away from the heart
Where do arteries carry blood to?
Capillaries
What is the purpose of capillaries?
To enable diffusion between the blood and interstitial fluids
Do veins carry blood away from or to the heart?
To the heart
Which vessels return blood from the capillaries to the heart
Veins
Which vessels carry blood from the heart to capillaries?
Arteries
What are the functions of blood?
To act as a transport system for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste, while also helping thermoregulation, acid-base balance and the immune response with immune cells
What components make up the respiratory system?
The Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi and Lungs
What is the purpose of the Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses?
To filter warm, humid air and detect smells
What is the purpose of the pharynx in the respiratory system?
To conduct air to the larynx
What is the purpose of the Larynx?
To protect opening to the trachea and to contain the vocals cords for vocalisation
What is the purpose of the trachea?
To conduct air between the larynx and the bronchi
What is the purpose of the bronchi?
To conduct air between the trachea and the lungs
What is the purpose of the lungs?
To move air, perform gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide and to help control the acid-base level of the blood
Where in the lungs is gas exchange conducted?
Alveoli
What components make up the digestive system?
The Oral Cavity, Salivary Glands, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Liver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas, Large Intestine and Anus
What is the purpose of the oral cavity?
To break up food with the teeth and tongue
What is the purpose of the Salivary glands?
To lubricate food and secrete digestion enzymes
What is the purpose of the pharynx in the digestive system?
Sends solid food and liquids to the oesophagus
What is the purpose of the oesophagus?
To deliver food to the stomach
What is the purpose of the stomach?
To secrete acid and enzymes to further digest food
What is the purpose of the small intestine?
To secrete more digestive enzymes and absorb nutrients from food
What is the purpose of the liver?
To secrete bile and regulate nutrients in the blood
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
To store and concentrate bile
What is the purpose of the pancreas in the digestive system?
To secrete digestive enzymes
What is the purpose of the large intestine and anus?
To remove water from waste, store the waste and dispose of it.
What components make up the urinary system?
The Kidneys, Ureters, The Bladder and Urethra
What is the purpose of the kidney in the urinary system?
To create urine and regulate blood volume, pressure, pH and ions
What is the purpose of the ureters?
To conduct urine to the bladder
What is the purpose of the bladder?
To store urine prior to elimination
What is the purpose of the Urethra?
To conduct urine to the exterior
What is found in the male reproductive system?
Testes, Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Seminal Glands, Prostate Gland, Urethra, Penis and Scrotum
What is the purpose of the testes?
To produce sperm and other hormones
What is the purpose of the epididymis?
To store sperm as they mature
What is the purpose of the Seminal and Prostate glands?
To produce seminal fluid
What is the purpose of the Ductus Deferens?
To transport sperm from the epididymis
What is the purpose of the urethra in the male reproductive system?
To conduct sperm to the exterior
What is the purpose of the penis and scrotum?
For reproduction and thermal control of the testes
What is found in the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, Uterine Tubes, Uterus, Vagina and External Genitalia and Mammary Glands
What is the purpose of the ovaries?
To store and release oocytes and produce hormones
What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes?
To deliver the oocyte to the uterus and is the location of fertilisation
What is the purpose of the uterus?
It is the location of embryonic development
What is the purpose of the Vagina and external genitalia?
For lubrication, sperm reception and to act as the birth canal once embryonic development is completed
What is the purpose of the Mammary glands in the female reproductive system?
To provide nutrition for new-born babies
