BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards
What are the 3 major spaces of the thorax
mediastinum and the 2 pulmonary cavities
Outline pericardium
sac of fibrous CT the heart sits in
Attaches to great vessels and diaphragm
fibrous/tough pericardium
serous/delicate pericardium which is the parietal and visceral layers
functions to prevent over contraction and prevent abrasion of the heart
What is the fossa ovalis
in the RA, remnant of where the placenta connect to heart before birth
What veins run into the RA
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
How many pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium
4
What is the foramen ovale
in the LA remnant from blood bypassing lungs in foetus
What is noticeable about the LA auricle
contains muscle pectinate which help contracts the heart
What is the part before the pulmonary trunk called
conus arteriosus
What is trabecular carneae
in the RV forms muscular framework of ventricular walls
What are papillary muscles
at the end of chordae tendinae that prevent inversion or prolapse of connected valves
Outline semilunar valves
valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk.
have left, right and posterior cusps (tricuspid)
no chordae tendinae
Outline atrioventricular valves
have chordae tendinae
right = tricuspid
left = bicuspid, mitral
What are the 3 layers of the walls of the heart
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
What are the 3 sulci of the heart
atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus
anterior interventricular sulcus
posterior interventricular sulcus
outline the right coronary artery
branches off ascending parts of aorta
sits in posterior interventricular sulcus
branches into right marginal and posterior descending arteries
What is the difference between right dominant and left dominant heart
posterior descending artery branches off RCA or left circumflex branch of LCA.
85:15 % of pop
What are the veins of coronary circulation and where do they sit
Great cardiac vein: drains left heart, along anterior interventricular artery
Small cardiac vein: drains right heart, along right marginal artery
Middle cardiac vein: drains interventricular septum, along posterior interventricular artery
Coronary sinus: collects blood from all veins into RA
Outline the left coronary artery
branches into left anterior descending which sits in anterior interventricular sulcus
branches into left circumflex branch which curves around LA
branches into left marginal
What are the 3 types of arteries of systemic circulation
elastic: handle large pressures, closest to heart, most elastin
muscular: deliver blood to body, far from heart, more smooth muscle than elastin
arterioles
What are the 3 walls of arteries and veins
tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, bigger lumen in vein
tunica media: smooth muscle cells, bigger and with more elastin in arteries, change diameter
tunica externa: protective CT layer
General differences between arteries and veins (say arteries, veins are then the opposite)
high blood pressure
thick intima media
relatively small lumen
no valves
what muscles are involved in vigorous and + very vigorous inspiration
scalenes stabilise ribs
external intercostal muscles expand ribs
+ sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles elevate thorax
What parts of the respiratory tract are considered in the upper part
nose nasal cavity paranasal sinuses pharynx part of larynx above vocal cords
what are conchae
bony elevations in nasal cavity which delay and thus warm air
what are anterior and internal nares
anterior nares: nostrils
internal nares: posterior choanae which continue flow of air
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx
Nasopharynx: above soft palate, posterior to choanae
Oropharynx: between soft palate and tip of epiglottis
Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx):
below tip of epiglottis, continuous with Oesophagus
What are the muscles of the pharynx
superior/middle/inferior constrictors: squeeze food
salpino/palato/stylo -pharyngeus: elevate pharynx and squeeze food when swallowing
Outline the larynx
cartilaginous structure that connects to hyoid bone and trachea
vestibular ligaments/folds are false vocal cords
vocal ligaments/folds are true vocal cords
connect to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage
Outline the trachea
slightly rigid, flexible tube in mediastinum
carina: point of bifurcation into primary bronchi
15-20 U shaped cartilages, annular ligaments connect cartilages allowing for change in shape
posteriorly sits tracheal muscle
Outline the bronchi and bronchioles
bronchi split into primary, secondary and tertiary
in bronchioles hyaline cartilage above is replaced with smooth muscle, goes bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Outline the pleural sacs
closed sacs of mesothelium containing only serous fluid
visceral (insensitive to pain) and parietal pleura (sensitive to pain)
Outline the lobes and fissures of the lungs
right lung: suprerior/middle/inferior lobe, horizontal and oblique fissures
left lung: superior/inferior lobe, oblique fissure
Outline the hilum of the lung
bronchi are posterior
veins are inferior and anterior
What are the 5 smooth muscles sphincters of the GI tract
Lower esophageal or cardiac (eosphagus and stomach)
Pyloric (pyloric region of stomach and jejunum)
Sphincter of Oddi (deudoneum)
Ileocolic sphincter (ileum and large intestine)
Internal anal sphincter (anus)
Outline the parietal and visceral peritoneum and the mesenteries
parietal: lines inner surface of body wall, secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat
visceral: wrapped around intraperitoneal organs, continuous with parietal
mesenteries: folds of peritoneum that support intraperitoneal GI tract organs, contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics
Outline the oesophagus
abdominal oesophagus past diaphragm (1/2 inch)
upper 1/3 is striated muscle, remainder smooth
vagus and sympathetic nerves from T1-5
lower oesophageal spinster (LES) physiological, tonically contracted until peristalsis
Outline the stomach
proximal reservoir/stomach: tonic contractions, maintains pressure on contents
antral pump: in antral region, contracts physically (3x /min)
rugae help break up and digest food
greater omentum: special fold of peritoneum connecting stomach to other abdominal organs
Outline the small intestines
duodenum: full of stomach chyme, bile and pancreatic secretions, mostly retroperitoneal, mucous membrane
jejunum: most absorption of carbs, proteins, fats, intraperitoneal
ileum: mostly absorbs vitamin B12 and other products, intraperitoneal
What are the anatomical differences between jejunum and ileum, (say jejunum and then ileum is opposite)
long vasa recta
short arcades
thicker wall
less fat in mesentery
large, common plicae
what is cholecystokinin peptide hormone
secreted by duodenum and jejunum in response to food, triggers release of bile
What are the main parts of the large intestine and the large intestines function
absorbs water and electrolytes, solidify and stores faeces
caecum: receives chyme
appendix: contains lymph nodes
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
rectum: involuntary internal and voluntary external anal sphincter
What are the functions of the liver
secretion: plasma proteins and bile
haematological regulation: filters toxins before heart
metabolic regulation: monitors metabolite and nutrient levels
Outline the anatomy of the liver
left and right lobes connected by falciform ligament
round ligament at bottom, remnant of the umbilical vein
connects to diaphragm by coronary ligament
caudate and quadrate posterior lobes
posterior gall bladder
porta hepatis where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics are
Outline the hepatic portal system of the liver
only drains unpaired organs
portal veins: 75% of liver blood, nutrient rich, O2 poor
hepatic artery: 25%, nutrient poor, O2 rich
mix and enter liver lobule
blood collected by central vein to inferior vena cava
Outline the gall bladder
concentrates and stores bile from liver
takes in bile from common hepatic duct to cystic duct
pushes bile out from cystic duct to common bile duct to duodenum
Outline the pancreas
posterior to stomach, head in curve of duodenum, tail to spleen
endocrine function: produces hormones directly to blood stream
exocrine function: production of enzymes to break down carbs, proteins, fats to duodenum
parasympathetic activity stimulates juice secretion
Explain blood supply of unpaired organs of GI tract
above transverse mesocolon: celiac trunk, branch from aorta supplying intraperitoneal organs
below transverse mesocolon: supplied by mesenteric arteries, split into two parts
upper right part: superior mesenteric artery
lower left part: inferior mesenteric artery
what is near the right kidney
liver is superior lateral
middle is duodenum
inferior is small intestine
posterior 11th rib
what is near the left kidney
superior is stomach
middle is left colic flexure and descending colon
inferior is jejunum
what layers enclose the kidney
gerotas fascia
perinephric fat
Outline the internal anatomy of the kidneys
outer cortex extends inwards between medulla pyramids as renal columns
inner medulla with tip of pyramid called renal papilla funnel urine into minor calices, major calices, renal pelvis then ureter
Outline kidney blood supply
in renal sinus where the renal hilum is on the surface.
renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries (minor calices, pyramids, columns) > arcuate arteries (base of pyramids) > interlobular arteries (like glomerulus)
starts with arcuate veins running next to vasa recta, then up the arrows.
Explain ANS innervation of kidneys
sympathetic: vasoconstriction
parasympathetic: unclear role
Outline suprarenal glands
sit on top of kidneys
medulla secretes NA and ADR
enclosed in renal fascia, thin septum connects to kidneys
superior/middle/inferior arteries
Outline ureters
25-30 cm fibromuscular tubes
3 constrictions, where kidney stones can lodge and obstruct urine flow
uteropelvic junction: close to renal pelvis
pelvic inlet
intrance to bladder
blood supply from renal, gonadal and iliac arteries
Outline the bladder
bladder trigone funnels urine into urethra
detrusor muscle wall of thick muscle pushes out urine
internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter is voluntary
filling of bladder, stretches, triggers receptors in wall activating micturition reflex centre and urination
Outline male and female urethra
Males: 18-20 cm long. 4 parts: preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy
internal urethral sphincter prevents simultaneous passage of sperm and urine
Females: 3-5 cm long. Only from bladder to vestibule, non function internal urethral sphincter
Outline the mediastinum
Where the heart, great vessels, aorta, oesophagus and trachea are located
Superior mediastinum above sternal angle (sternum and manubrium)
Inferior mediastinum broken down into anterior, middle and posterior
What is the function of the fibrous skeleton in the interventricular septa
Anchors heart valves
Electrical insulation so impulses are timed properly
Rigid framework for cardiac muscle tissue
