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eBMS2011 > BODY SYSTEMS > Flashcards

BODY SYSTEMS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major spaces of the thorax

A

mediastinum and the 2 pulmonary cavities

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2
Q

Outline pericardium

A

sac of fibrous CT the heart sits in

Attaches to great vessels and diaphragm

fibrous/tough pericardium

serous/delicate pericardium which is the parietal and visceral layers

functions to prevent over contraction and prevent abrasion of the heart

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3
Q

What is the fossa ovalis

A

in the RA, remnant of where the placenta connect to heart before birth

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4
Q

What veins run into the RA

A

superior vena cava

inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

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5
Q

How many pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium

A

4

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6
Q

What is the foramen ovale

A

in the LA remnant from blood bypassing lungs in foetus

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7
Q

What is noticeable about the LA auricle

A

contains muscle pectinate which help contracts the heart

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8
Q

What is the part before the pulmonary trunk called

A

conus arteriosus

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9
Q

What is trabecular carneae

A

in the RV forms muscular framework of ventricular walls

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10
Q

What are papillary muscles

A

at the end of chordae tendinae that prevent inversion or prolapse of connected valves

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11
Q

Outline semilunar valves

A

valves of aorta and pulmonary trunk.

have left, right and posterior cusps (tricuspid)

no chordae tendinae

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12
Q

Outline atrioventricular valves

A

have chordae tendinae

right = tricuspid

left = bicuspid, mitral

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the walls of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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14
Q

What are the 3 sulci of the heart

A

atrioventricular (coronary) sulcus

anterior interventricular sulcus

posterior interventricular sulcus

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15
Q

outline the right coronary artery

A

branches off ascending parts of aorta

sits in posterior interventricular sulcus

branches into right marginal and posterior descending arteries

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16
Q

What is the difference between right dominant and left dominant heart

A

posterior descending artery branches off RCA or left circumflex branch of LCA.

85:15 % of pop

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17
Q

What are the veins of coronary circulation and where do they sit

A

Great cardiac vein: drains left heart, along anterior interventricular artery

Small cardiac vein: drains right heart, along right marginal artery

Middle cardiac vein: drains interventricular septum, along posterior interventricular artery

Coronary sinus: collects blood from all veins into RA

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18
Q

Outline the left coronary artery

A

branches into left anterior descending which sits in anterior interventricular sulcus

branches into left circumflex branch which curves around LA

branches into left marginal

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of arteries of systemic circulation

A

elastic: handle large pressures, closest to heart, most elastin
muscular: deliver blood to body, far from heart, more smooth muscle than elastin

arterioles

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20
Q

What are the 3 walls of arteries and veins

A

tunica intima: simple squamous epithelium, bigger lumen in vein

tunica media: smooth muscle cells, bigger and with more elastin in arteries, change diameter

tunica externa: protective CT layer

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21
Q

General differences between arteries and veins (say arteries, veins are then the opposite)

A

high blood pressure

thick intima media

relatively small lumen

no valves

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22
Q

what muscles are involved in vigorous and + very vigorous inspiration

A

scalenes stabilise ribs

external intercostal muscles expand ribs

+ sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles elevate thorax

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23
Q

What parts of the respiratory tract are considered in the upper part

A 
nose
nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
part of larynx above vocal cords
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24
Q

what are conchae

A

bony elevations in nasal cavity which delay and thus warm air

25
Q

what are anterior and internal nares

A

anterior nares: nostrils

internal nares: posterior choanae which continue flow of air

26
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx: above soft palate, posterior to choanae

Oropharynx: between soft palate and tip of epiglottis

Laryngopharynx (hypopharynx):
below tip of epiglottis, continuous with Oesophagus

27
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx

A

superior/middle/inferior constrictors: squeeze food

salpino/palato/stylo -pharyngeus: elevate pharynx and squeeze food when swallowing

28
Q

Outline the larynx

A

cartilaginous structure that connects to hyoid bone and trachea

vestibular ligaments/folds are false vocal cords

vocal ligaments/folds are true vocal cords

connect to arytenoid and corniculate cartilage

29
Q

Outline the trachea

A

slightly rigid, flexible tube in mediastinum

carina: point of bifurcation into primary bronchi

15-20 U shaped cartilages, annular ligaments connect cartilages allowing for change in shape

posteriorly sits tracheal muscle

30
Q

Outline the bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchi split into primary, secondary and tertiary

in bronchioles hyaline cartilage above is replaced with smooth muscle, goes bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

31
Q

Outline the pleural sacs

A

closed sacs of mesothelium containing only serous fluid

visceral (insensitive to pain) and parietal pleura (sensitive to pain)

32
Q

Outline the lobes and fissures of the lungs

A

right lung: suprerior/middle/inferior lobe, horizontal and oblique fissures

left lung: superior/inferior lobe, oblique fissure

33
Q

Outline the hilum of the lung

A

bronchi are posterior

veins are inferior and anterior

34
Q

What are the 5 smooth muscles sphincters of the GI tract

A

Lower esophageal or cardiac (eosphagus and stomach)

Pyloric (pyloric region of stomach and jejunum)

Sphincter of Oddi (deudoneum)

Ileocolic sphincter (ileum and large intestine)

Internal anal sphincter (anus)

35
Q

Outline the parietal and visceral peritoneum and the mesenteries

A

parietal: lines inner surface of body wall, secretes peritoneal fluid and stores fat
visceral: wrapped around intraperitoneal organs, continuous with parietal
mesenteries: folds of peritoneum that support intraperitoneal GI tract organs, contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

36
Q

Outline the oesophagus

A

abdominal oesophagus past diaphragm (1/2 inch)

upper 1/3 is striated muscle, remainder smooth

vagus and sympathetic nerves from T1-5

lower oesophageal spinster (LES) physiological, tonically contracted until peristalsis

37
Q

Outline the stomach

A

proximal reservoir/stomach: tonic contractions, maintains pressure on contents

antral pump: in antral region, contracts physically (3x /min)

rugae help break up and digest food

greater omentum: special fold of peritoneum connecting stomach to other abdominal organs

38
Q

Outline the small intestines

A

duodenum: full of stomach chyme, bile and pancreatic secretions, mostly retroperitoneal, mucous membrane
jejunum: most absorption of carbs, proteins, fats, intraperitoneal
ileum: mostly absorbs vitamin B12 and other products, intraperitoneal

39
Q

What are the anatomical differences between jejunum and ileum, (say jejunum and then ileum is opposite)

A

long vasa recta

short arcades

thicker wall

less fat in mesentery

large, common plicae

40
Q

what is cholecystokinin peptide hormone

A

secreted by duodenum and jejunum in response to food, triggers release of bile

41
Q

What are the main parts of the large intestine and the large intestines function

A

absorbs water and electrolytes, solidify and stores faeces

caecum: receives chyme
appendix: contains lymph nodes

ascending

transverse

descending

sigmoid

rectum: involuntary internal and voluntary external anal sphincter

42
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

secretion: plasma proteins and bile

haematological regulation: filters toxins before heart

metabolic regulation: monitors metabolite and nutrient levels

43
Q

Outline the anatomy of the liver

A

left and right lobes connected by falciform ligament

round ligament at bottom, remnant of the umbilical vein

connects to diaphragm by coronary ligament

caudate and quadrate posterior lobes

posterior gall bladder

porta hepatis where blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics are

44
Q

Outline the hepatic portal system of the liver

A

only drains unpaired organs

portal veins: 75% of liver blood, nutrient rich, O2 poor

hepatic artery: 25%, nutrient poor, O2 rich

mix and enter liver lobule

blood collected by central vein to inferior vena cava

45
Q

Outline the gall bladder

A

concentrates and stores bile from liver

takes in bile from common hepatic duct to cystic duct

pushes bile out from cystic duct to common bile duct to duodenum

46
Q

Outline the pancreas

A

posterior to stomach, head in curve of duodenum, tail to spleen

endocrine function: produces hormones directly to blood stream

exocrine function: production of enzymes to break down carbs, proteins, fats to duodenum

parasympathetic activity stimulates juice secretion

47
Q

Explain blood supply of unpaired organs of GI tract

A

above transverse mesocolon: celiac trunk, branch from aorta supplying intraperitoneal organs

below transverse mesocolon: supplied by mesenteric arteries, split into two parts

upper right part: superior mesenteric artery

lower left part: inferior mesenteric artery

48
Q

what is near the right kidney

A

liver is superior lateral

middle is duodenum

inferior is small intestine

posterior 11th rib

49
Q

what is near the left kidney

A

superior is stomach

middle is left colic flexure and descending colon

inferior is jejunum

50
Q

what layers enclose the kidney

A

gerotas fascia

perinephric fat

51
Q

Outline the internal anatomy of the kidneys

A

outer cortex extends inwards between medulla pyramids as renal columns

inner medulla with tip of pyramid called renal papilla funnel urine into minor calices, major calices, renal pelvis then ureter

52
Q

Outline kidney blood supply

A

in renal sinus where the renal hilum is on the surface.

renal artery > segmental arteries > interlobar arteries (minor calices, pyramids, columns) > arcuate arteries (base of pyramids) > interlobular arteries (like glomerulus)

starts with arcuate veins running next to vasa recta, then up the arrows.

53
Q

Explain ANS innervation of kidneys

A

sympathetic: vasoconstriction
parasympathetic: unclear role

54
Q

Outline suprarenal glands

A

sit on top of kidneys

medulla secretes NA and ADR

enclosed in renal fascia, thin septum connects to kidneys

superior/middle/inferior arteries

55
Q

Outline ureters

A

25-30 cm fibromuscular tubes

3 constrictions, where kidney stones can lodge and obstruct urine flow

uteropelvic junction: close to renal pelvis

pelvic inlet

intrance to bladder

blood supply from renal, gonadal and iliac arteries

56
Q

Outline the bladder

A

bladder trigone funnels urine into urethra

detrusor muscle wall of thick muscle pushes out urine

internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external urethral sphincter is voluntary

filling of bladder, stretches, triggers receptors in wall activating micturition reflex centre and urination

57
Q

Outline male and female urethra

A

Males: 18-20 cm long. 4 parts: preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy

internal urethral sphincter prevents simultaneous passage of sperm and urine

Females: 3-5 cm long. Only from bladder to vestibule, non function internal urethral sphincter

58
Q

Outline the mediastinum

A

Where the heart, great vessels, aorta, oesophagus and trachea are located

Superior mediastinum above sternal angle (sternum and manubrium)

Inferior mediastinum broken down into anterior, middle and posterior

59
Q

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton in the interventricular septa

A

Anchors heart valves

Electrical insulation so impulses are timed properly

Rigid framework for cardiac muscle tissue

eBMS2011 (14 decks)

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