BASICS OF ANATOMY

Question 1

Define physiology

Answer 1

the study of the function of structures in the body.

Question 2

Define anatomy

Answer 2

Classification and description of the structures of the body.

Question 3

What are the types of organisational anatomy

Answer 3

Systemic anatomy

Regional anatomy

Question 4

What is systemic anatomy

Answer 4

organisation of body into systems that work together to carry out complex functions

Question 5

What is regional anatomy

Answer 5

organisation of specific areas of the body emphasising relationships among structures

Question 6

What is adaptation

Answer 6

the ability of an Organism to survive and reproduce in its environment by changing traits

Question 7

Define long term adaptation

Answer 7

genetic evolutionary changes characterising all individuals within a population or species

Question 8

Define short term adaptation

Answer 8

acclimatisation by temporary physiological changes

Question 9

What are homologous structures

Answer 9

Structures that are similar in their fundamental construction, although they may serve different purposes

Question 10

What are analogous structures

Answer 10

Similarity of traits in terms of function between unrelated species that do not share a common ancestral origin. These traits can evolved independently of each other.

Question 11

What are the 3 planes of the body

Answer 11

Frontal/coronal

Sagittal/median

Transverse

Question 12

Direction of the coronal plane

Answer 12

back to front

splits dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior

Question 13

Direction of the sagittal plane

Answer 13

side to side, Parallel to sagittal suture

splitting left and right

Question 14

Direction of the transverse plane

Answer 14

head to toe

splits cranial/head and caudal/tail

Question 15

Head directional terms

Answer 15

Occipital:
closer to back of head

Rostral:
closer to front of head

Question 16

Hand and feet directional terms

Answer 16

Dorsum:
back of hand, top of feet

Palmar surface:
palms of hand

Plantar surface:
underside of feet

Question 17

inversion

eversion

Answer 17

turned in ankle

turned out ankle

Question 18

rotation at elbow join

Answer 18

pronation:
rotation so palm faces back

supination: rotation so palm faces forward

Question 19

Bergmann’s rule

(body size)

Answer 19

increase body mass decreases heat loss (VOL)

colder climates:
larger body mass.

warmer climates:
smaller body mass.

Question 20

Allen’s rule

limb shape

Answer 20

increase in extremities increases heat loss (SA)

colder climates:
shorter extremities.

warmer climates:
longer extremities.

Question 21

What is isometry

Answer 21

increases in size without changing proportion of whole body

Question 22

What is allometry

Answer 22

changes in size while changing proportion relative to whole body

Question 23

What is heterochrony

Answer 23

differential rates of development for different cells leading to changes in size and or shape.

Question 24

What is progenesis

Answer 24

earlier phase of development

Question 25

what is hypermorphosis

Answer 25

later stage of development

Question 26

what is neoteny

Answer 26

slower development compared to descendant (retain juvenile phenotype, paedomorphosis)

Question 27

Differences between CT and MRI.

Answer 27

CT:
rotating x ray beam with detectors detecting absorption in density. Compiles 2D images to give a 3D final.

MRI:
hydrogen atom emission in magnetic field. image constructed from frequencies emitted.