BASICS OF ANATOMY Flashcards
Define physiology
the study of the function of structures in the body.
Define anatomy
Classification and description of the structures of the body.
What are the types of organisational anatomy
Systemic anatomy
Regional anatomy
What is systemic anatomy
organisation of body into systems that work together to carry out complex functions
What is regional anatomy
organisation of specific areas of the body emphasising relationships among structures
What is adaptation
the ability of an Organism to survive and reproduce in its environment by changing traits
Define long term adaptation
genetic evolutionary changes characterising all individuals within a population or species
Define short term adaptation
acclimatisation by temporary physiological changes
What are homologous structures
Structures that are similar in their fundamental construction, although they may serve different purposes
What are analogous structures
Similarity of traits in terms of function between unrelated species that do not share a common ancestral origin. These traits can evolved independently of each other.
What are the 3 planes of the body
Frontal/coronal
Sagittal/median
Transverse
Direction of the coronal plane
back to front
splits dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior
Direction of the sagittal plane
side to side, Parallel to sagittal suture
splitting left and right
Direction of the transverse plane
head to toe
splits cranial/head and caudal/tail
Head directional terms
Occipital:
closer to back of head
Rostral:
closer to front of head
Hand and feet directional terms
Dorsum:
back of hand, top of feet
Palmar surface:
palms of hand
Plantar surface:
underside of feet
inversion
eversion
turned in ankle
turned out ankle
rotation at elbow join
pronation:
rotation so palm faces back
supination: rotation so palm faces forward
Bergmann’s rule
(body size)
increase body mass decreases heat loss (VOL)
colder climates:
larger body mass.
warmer climates:
smaller body mass.
Allen’s rule
limb shape
increase in extremities increases heat loss (SA)
colder climates:
shorter extremities.
warmer climates:
longer extremities.
What is isometry
increases in size without changing proportion of whole body
What is allometry
changes in size while changing proportion relative to whole body
What is heterochrony
differential rates of development for different cells leading to changes in size and or shape.
What is progenesis
earlier phase of development
what is hypermorphosis
later stage of development
what is neoteny
slower development compared to descendant (retain juvenile phenotype, paedomorphosis)
Differences between CT and MRI.
CT:
rotating x ray beam with detectors detecting absorption in density. Compiles 2D images to give a 3D final.
MRI:
hydrogen atom emission in magnetic field. image constructed from frequencies emitted.
