Body Systems Flashcards
What is a body system?
A group of body cells, organs or structure that work together to perform a certain function.
What is the purpose of a digestive system?
To get nutrients
Why do we need nutrients
To survive and perform essential bodily functions
Types of macronutrients
Protein
fat
carbohydrates
Examples of protein
meat, dairy, fish
Examples of fat
oil, avocado, nuts
Examples of carbohydrates
fruits, bread, veggies, grains
Types of polymers
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Monomer of carbohydrates
monosaccharide
Monomer of lipid
fatty acid, glycerol
Monomer of protein
amino acids
Connection of polymers and monomers?
Many monomers make a polymer
What are micronutrients?
Vitamins
Minerals
How are nutrients taken?
Broken into monomers then diffused into blood in the small intestine
What is diffusion?
Molecules from and area higher concentration move to lower concentration
What is an enzyme?
Protein that speeds up reactions by lowering the energy needed
what are catalysts?
Substances that speed up chemical reactions
What is a substrate?
Molecule reacting to enzyme
What is an active site?
Where reaction happens
What is a product?
The end after reaction
Denaturation
When extra heat makes the active site lose its shape.
What is metabolism?
It is chemical reaction in cells
What does metabolism allow the body to do?
Grow, reproduce, maintain structure
What is an anabolic reaction?
Building up
Simple to complex
Simple molecules as building blocks for complex molecules
What is a catabolic reaction?
Breaking down
Complex to simple
Supply energy for bodily functions
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What is glycogen?
Polymer of glucose, from anabolic reaction
Purpose of:
Nose and mouth
Air enters, and is filtered
Purpose of:
Trachea
Windpipe, transports air to lungs
What is Bronchi?
Branch off from trachea to each lung
What is Bronchioles?
Branch off bronchi to alveoli
What are alveoli?
Air sacs, where gas exchanged happen
What is a diaphragm?
Involuntary muscle that controls breathing
Features of Alveoli? (4)
- One cell thick walls
- moist surface
- surrounded by capillaries
- expand
What is gas exchange?
It happens via diffusion, and oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from a high area to low area of concentration.
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries
veins
capillaries
Pulmonary circulation
Blood transported from heart to lungs for oxygenation, then back to heart.
Systemic circulation
Blood transported from heart to body where it is used, then tranposrted back to the heart.
What is in blood? (4 things)
plasma
platelets
white blood cells
red blood cells
What is haemoglobin?
A protein that carries oxygen molecule on red blood cells
What is the role of the nervous system?
Coordinates lots of muscles and glands, and responds to changes in internal and external environment.
What are 2 parts of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
What is part of the CNS ?
Brain and spinal cord
What is part of the PNS?
Other neurons and nerves
What are Neurons?
nerve cells
What do neurons do?
Transmit and receive signal with both chemical and electrical transmissions.
What do Nerve Cells have?
should know 7, the ones taught
- Nucleus
- cell body
- dendrites
- axon
- myelin sheath
- nodes of ranvier
- axon terminal
- Schwann Cell
Nerve Cells:
What does the Nucleus do?
store DNA and instructions for the cell
Nerve Cells:
What does the cell body do?
Organises and keeps cell functional
Nerve Cells:
What do dendrites do?
Receive signals
Nerve Cells:
What do axons do?
it is a conducting fibre.
Nerve Cells:
What does the myelin sheath do?
increase speed of signal
Nerve cells:
What does axon terminal do?
It forms junctions with other cells
basically a transmitter
What are the 3 types of neurons?
Sensory neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneuron
Facts??
Sensory Neuron
CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?
- PNS
- Carry information from receptors to CNS
- Structure allows faster signal transmisison
Facts??
Motor Neurons
CNS or PNS? What does it do?
- PNS
- carry information from CNS to effectors (muscle and glanst) so they can respond
Facts??
Interneurons
CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?
- CNS
- Carry information between neurons
- It has more dendrite to detect and transmit more
Stimulus
Any factor that stimulates receptor and brings a reponse
4 Types of receptor
- Mechanoreceptor
- Chemoreceptor
- Thermoreceptor
- Photoreceptor
What is a gland?
A group of cells that produces and releases hormones
What are hormones?
Chemical substance that acts on a specific cell in the body to alter its function.
What does the pituitary gland do?
- coordinate’s the entire system
- responds to information from hypothalamus
What does the Hypothalamus do?
- Checks internal conditions and response of the body
- links nervous and endocrine system
- secretes hormones to the pituitary gland
Stimulus Response model: reflex action
Stimulus -> receptor -> SPINAL CORD -> effector -> response
Stimulus Response Model: conscious action
Stimulus -> receptor -> BRAIN -> effector -> response
What is homeostasis?
The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions in the face of changing external conditions.
Positive Feedback Loop
changes in a system that causes another change that then increases the first change.
Negative feedback loop
change in a system that causes another change and brings the system back to its starting position.
What is thermoregulation?
How a stable body temperature is maintained
Why does thermoregulation occur in endotherms?
So the body can divert heat to parts of the body in need for stable internal environment.
What does the Schwann cell do?
Create myelin
How does the body respond to stress (fight, flight or freeze)?
- Threat
- Brain - process signals eventually to the hypothalamus
- ACTH - pituitary gland secretes ACTH hormone
- Cortisol and adrenaline released
homeostasis
Maintenance of internal body conditions in the face of changing external conditions
