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Body Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a body system?

A

A group of body cells, organs or structure that work together to perform a certain function.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of a digestive system?

A

To get nutrients

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3
Q

Why do we need nutrients

A

To survive and perform essential bodily functions

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4
Q

Types of macronutrients

A

Protein
fat
carbohydrates

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5
Q

Examples of protein

A

meat, dairy, fish

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6
Q

Examples of fat

A

oil, avocado, nuts

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7
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

fruits, bread, veggies, grains

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8
Q

Types of polymers

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein

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9
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

Monomer of lipid

A

fatty acid, glycerol

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11
Q

Monomer of protein

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Connection of polymers and monomers?

A

Many monomers make a polymer

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13
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins
Minerals

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14
Q

How are nutrients taken?

A

Broken into monomers then diffused into blood in the small intestine

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules from and area higher concentration move to lower concentration

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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein that speeds up reactions by lowering the energy needed

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17
Q

what are catalysts?

A

Substances that speed up chemical reactions

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18
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Molecule reacting to enzyme

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19
Q

What is an active site?

A

Where reaction happens

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20
Q

What is a product?

A

The end after reaction

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21
Q

Denaturation

A

When extra heat makes the active site lose its shape.

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22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

It is chemical reaction in cells

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23
Q

What does metabolism allow the body to do?

A

Grow, reproduce, maintain structure

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24
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Building up
Simple to complex
Simple molecules as building blocks for complex molecules

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25
What is a catabolic reaction?
Breaking down Complex to simple Supply energy for bodily functions
26
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
27
What is glycogen?
Polymer of glucose, from anabolic reaction
28
# Purpose of: Nose and mouth
Air enters, and is filtered
29
# Purpose of: Trachea
Windpipe, transports air to lungs
30
What is Bronchi?
Branch off from trachea to each lung
31
What is Bronchioles?
Branch off bronchi to alveoli
32
What are alveoli?
Air sacs, where gas exchanged happen
33
What is a diaphragm?
Involuntary muscle that controls breathing
34
Features of Alveoli? (4)
- One cell thick walls - moist surface - surrounded by capillaries - expand
35
What is gas exchange?
It happens via diffusion, and oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from a high area to low area of concentration.
36
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries veins capillaries
37
Pulmonary circulation
Blood transported from heart to lungs for oxygenation, then back to heart.
38
Systemic circulation
Blood transported from heart to body where it is used, then tranposrted back to the heart.
39
What is in blood? (4 things)
plasma platelets white blood cells red blood cells
40
What is haemoglobin?
A protein that carries oxygen molecule on red blood cells
41
What is the role of the nervous system?
Coordinates lots of muscles and glands, and responds to changes in internal and external environment.
42
What are 2 parts of the nervous system?
Central Nervous System (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
43
What is part of the CNS ?
Brain and spinal cord
44
What is part of the PNS?
Other neurons and nerves
45
What are Neurons?
nerve cells
46
What do neurons do?
Transmit and receive signal with both chemical and electrical transmissions.
47
What do Nerve Cells have? | should know 7, the ones taught
- Nucleus - cell body - dendrites - axon - myelin sheath - nodes of ranvier - axon terminal - Schwann Cell
48
# Nerve Cells: What does the Nucleus do?
store DNA and instructions for the cell
49
# Nerve Cells: What does the cell body do?
Organises and keeps cell functional
50
# Nerve Cells: What do dendrites do?
Receive signals
51
# Nerve Cells: What do axons do?
it is a conducting fibre.
52
# Nerve Cells: What does the myelin sheath do?
increase speed of signal
53
# Nerve cells: What does axon terminal do?
It forms junctions with other cells basically a transmitter
54
What are the 3 types of neurons?
Sensory neuron Motor Neuron Interneuron
55
# Facts?? Sensory Neuron | CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?
- PNS - Carry information from receptors to CNS - Structure allows faster signal transmisison
56
# Facts?? Motor Neurons | CNS or PNS? What does it do?
- PNS - carry information from CNS to effectors (muscle and glanst) so they can respond
57
# Facts?? Interneurons | CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?
- CNS - Carry information between neurons - It has more dendrite to detect and transmit more
58
Stimulus
Any factor that stimulates receptor and brings a reponse
59
4 Types of receptor
- Mechanoreceptor - Chemoreceptor - Thermoreceptor - Photoreceptor
60
What is a gland?
A group of cells that produces and releases hormones
61
What are hormones?
Chemical substance that acts on a specific cell in the body to alter its function.
62
What does the pituitary gland do?
- coordinate's the entire system - responds to information from hypothalamus
63
What does the Hypothalamus do?
- Checks internal conditions and response of the body - links nervous and endocrine system - secretes hormones to the pituitary gland
64
Stimulus Response model: reflex action
Stimulus -> receptor -> SPINAL CORD -> effector -> response
65
Stimulus Response Model: conscious action
Stimulus -> receptor -> BRAIN -> effector -> response
66
What is homeostasis?
The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions in the face of changing external conditions.
67
Positive Feedback Loop
changes in a system that causes another change that then increases the first change.
68
Negative feedback loop
change in a system that causes another change and brings the system back to its starting position.
69
What is thermoregulation?
How a stable body temperature is maintained
70
Why does thermoregulation occur in endotherms?
So the body can divert heat to parts of the body in need for stable internal environment.
71
What does the Schwann cell do?
Create myelin
72
How does the body respond to stress (fight, flight or freeze)?
1. Threat 2. Brain - process signals eventually to the hypothalamus 3. ACTH - pituitary gland secretes ACTH hormone 4. Cortisol and adrenaline released
73
homeostasis
Maintenance of internal body conditions in the face of changing external conditions

9 Science (8 decks)

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