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9 Science > Body Systems > Flashcards

Body Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a body system?

A

A group of body cells, organs or structure that work together to perform a certain function.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of a digestive system?

A

To get nutrients

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3
Q

Why do we need nutrients

A

To survive and perform essential bodily functions

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4
Q

Types of macronutrients

A

Protein
fat
carbohydrates

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5
Q

Examples of protein

A

meat, dairy, fish

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6
Q

Examples of fat

A

oil, avocado, nuts

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7
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

fruits, bread, veggies, grains

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8
Q

Types of polymers

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein

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9
Q

Monomer of carbohydrates

A

monosaccharide

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10
Q

Monomer of lipid

A

fatty acid, glycerol

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11
Q

Monomer of protein

A

amino acids

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12
Q

Connection of polymers and monomers?

A

Many monomers make a polymer

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13
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

Vitamins
Minerals

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14
Q

How are nutrients taken?

A

Broken into monomers then diffused into blood in the small intestine

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15
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Molecules from and area higher concentration move to lower concentration

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16
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

Protein that speeds up reactions by lowering the energy needed

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17
Q

what are catalysts?

A

Substances that speed up chemical reactions

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18
Q

What is a substrate?

A

Molecule reacting to enzyme

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19
Q

What is an active site?

A

Where reaction happens

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20
Q

What is a product?

A

The end after reaction

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21
Q

Denaturation

A

When extra heat makes the active site lose its shape.

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22
Q

What is metabolism?

A

It is chemical reaction in cells

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23
Q

What does metabolism allow the body to do?

A

Grow, reproduce, maintain structure

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24
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Building up
Simple to complex
Simple molecules as building blocks for complex molecules

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25
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Breaking down
Complex to simple
Supply energy for bodily functions

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26
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen –> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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27
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Polymer of glucose, from anabolic reaction

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28
Q

Purpose of:

Nose and mouth

A

Air enters, and is filtered

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29
Q

Purpose of:

Trachea

A

Windpipe, transports air to lungs

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30
Q

What is Bronchi?

A

Branch off from trachea to each lung

31
Q

What is Bronchioles?

A

Branch off bronchi to alveoli

32
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Air sacs, where gas exchanged happen

33
Q

What is a diaphragm?

A

Involuntary muscle that controls breathing

34
Q

Features of Alveoli? (4)

A
  • One cell thick walls
  • moist surface
  • surrounded by capillaries
  • expand
35
Q

What is gas exchange?

A

It happens via diffusion, and oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from a high area to low area of concentration.

36
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

Arteries
veins
capillaries

37
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood transported from heart to lungs for oxygenation, then back to heart.

38
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood transported from heart to body where it is used, then tranposrted back to the heart.

39
Q

What is in blood? (4 things)

A

plasma
platelets
white blood cells
red blood cells

40
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein that carries oxygen molecule on red blood cells

41
Q

What is the role of the nervous system?

A

Coordinates lots of muscles and glands, and responds to changes in internal and external environment.

42
Q

What are 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

43
Q

What is part of the CNS ?

A

Brain and spinal cord

44
Q

What is part of the PNS?

A

Other neurons and nerves

45
Q

What are Neurons?

A

nerve cells

46
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Transmit and receive signal with both chemical and electrical transmissions.

47
Q

What do Nerve Cells have?

should know 7, the ones taught

A
  • Nucleus
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • nodes of ranvier
  • axon terminal
  • Schwann Cell
48
Q

Nerve Cells:

What does the Nucleus do?

A

store DNA and instructions for the cell

49
Q

Nerve Cells:

What does the cell body do?

A

Organises and keeps cell functional

50
Q

Nerve Cells:

What do dendrites do?

A

Receive signals

51
Q

Nerve Cells:

What do axons do?

A

it is a conducting fibre.

52
Q

Nerve Cells:

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

increase speed of signal

53
Q

Nerve cells:

What does axon terminal do?

A

It forms junctions with other cells

basically a transmitter

54
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Sensory neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneuron

55
Q

Facts??

Sensory Neuron

CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?

A
  • PNS
  • Carry information from receptors to CNS
  • Structure allows faster signal transmisison
56
Q

Facts??

Motor Neurons

CNS or PNS? What does it do?

A
  • PNS
  • carry information from CNS to effectors (muscle and glanst) so they can respond
57
Q

Facts??

Interneurons

CNS or PNS? What does it do? What is special about its structure?

A
  • CNS
  • Carry information between neurons
  • It has more dendrite to detect and transmit more
58
Q

Stimulus

A

Any factor that stimulates receptor and brings a reponse

59
Q

4 Types of receptor

A
  • Mechanoreceptor
  • Chemoreceptor
  • Thermoreceptor
  • Photoreceptor
60
Q

What is a gland?

A

A group of cells that produces and releases hormones

61
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical substance that acts on a specific cell in the body to alter its function.

62
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A
  • coordinate’s the entire system
  • responds to information from hypothalamus
63
Q

What does the Hypothalamus do?

A
  • Checks internal conditions and response of the body
  • links nervous and endocrine system
  • secretes hormones to the pituitary gland
64
Q

Stimulus Response model: reflex action

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> SPINAL CORD -> effector -> response

65
Q

Stimulus Response Model: conscious action

A

Stimulus -> receptor -> BRAIN -> effector -> response

66
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The ability of the body to maintain stable internal conditions in the face of changing external conditions.

67
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

changes in a system that causes another change that then increases the first change.

68
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

change in a system that causes another change and brings the system back to its starting position.

69
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

How a stable body temperature is maintained

70
Q

Why does thermoregulation occur in endotherms?

A

So the body can divert heat to parts of the body in need for stable internal environment.

71
Q

What does the Schwann cell do?

A

Create myelin

72
Q

How does the body respond to stress (fight, flight or freeze)?

A
  1. Threat
  2. Brain - process signals eventually to the hypothalamus
  3. ACTH - pituitary gland secretes ACTH hormone
  4. Cortisol and adrenaline released
73
Q

homeostasis

A

Maintenance of internal body conditions in the face of changing external conditions

9 Science (8 decks)

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