Body defence

Question 1

endotoxin

Answer 1

Part of bacterial LPS and released after digestion of organism (pyrogenic and inflamm effect)

Question 2

Exotoxin

Answer 2

Secreted from the pathogen to act at cell surfaces

Question 3

Direct cell killing

Answer 3

once incorporated it kills the phagocytic cell

Question 4

Indirect tissue damage

Answer 4

Ag:Aby complexes cause kidney, BV and joint damage. Can also be Aby cross specificity with self-Ag, inflamm damaging mediators

Question 5

Cytokine- Inducing receptors

Answer 5

toll-like or lipo-polysaccharide receptors on phagocytic cells detect bacterial components and increase leukocyte recruitment.

Question 6

IL-1 beta

Answer 6

cytokine released from macrophage due to bacterial components
-Triggers release of IL-6
-pyrogenic
-activates leukocytes

Question 7

TNF-alpha

Answer 7

cytokine released from macrophage due to bacterial components
-pyrogenic
-mobilization of metabolites
-shock
-Major Inflamm (leaky BV)

Question 8

IL-6

Answer 8

cytokine released from macrophage due to bacterial components
-Activates complement production
-pyrogenic
-lymphocyte activation

Question 9

CXCL8

Answer 9

chemokine released from macrophage due to bacterial components
-recruits leukocytes

Question 10

IL-12

Answer 10

cytokine released from macrophage due to bacterial components
-activates NK cells
-differentiates CD4 T cells into Th1

Question 11

CC chemokines

Answer 11

Mainly recruit monocytes and dendritic cells

Question 12

CXC chemokines

Answer 12

Maily recruit neutrophils

Question 13

Sepsis

Answer 13

systemic blood infection with LPS activates kupffer cells (macrophages) in liver to secrete pro-inflamm cytokines causing coagulation, edema and organ failure (septic shock)

Question 14

Macrophage features

Answer 14

long lived tissue resent
recreates cytokines

Question 15

neutrophil features

Answer 15

short lived abundant, recruited by cytokines to local infection

Question 16

sialyl-Lewisx

Answer 16

glycoproteins receptors on neutrophil to engage in hook and roll with selecting on BV

Question 17

ICAMs

Answer 17

Ig receptors like on endothelium grab intern (LFA-1)

Question 18

respiratory burst

Answer 18

NADPH oxidase to produce H2O2 from O2 then myeloperoxidase adds Cl- to make hypochlorite or hypo halite

Question 19

NET

Answer 19

after respiratory burst neutrophils die but spit out their nucleus which creates and cationic trap for more pathogens, then a macrophage eats it up

Question 20

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Answer 20

Inflamm mediator stimulated by IL-6, can also be a good lab value for detecting inflamm also binds pathogens as opsonin

Question 21

Mannose binding lectin (MBL)

Answer 21

inflamm mediator stimulated by IL-6 also binds pathogens as opsonin

Question 22

IL-1/IL-6/TNFa liver effect

Answer 22

Activation of complement

Question 23

IL-1/IL-6/TNFa Bone marrow effect

Answer 23

Neutrophil activation

Question 24

IL-1/IL-6/TNFa hypo and fat/muscle effect

Answer 24

Increased body temp set point and muscle to create it, decreases bacterial replication

Question 25

IL-1/IL-6/TNFa dendrites effect

Answer 25

TNFa stimulates migration to lymph nodes

Question 26

IFN type 1 receptor

Answer 26

activated by interferon alpha and beta (from an adjacent infected cell) to activate viral defences (MHC class 1 and NK cells activation)

Question 27

B -1 cells

Answer 27

sub pop of B cells, has more affinity for bacterial polysaccharide Ag, activated by IL-5 to plasma cell

Question 28

gamma-delta t cells

Answer 28

sub pop of T cells that secrete cytokines and develop cytotoxic function