Antibody structure and intro

Question 1

Definition of immune system

Answer 1

Cells and humeral factors dedicated to defend the body against infection

Question 2

Order of pathogens

Answer 2

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Parasites

Question 3

Physical barriers (innate)

Answer 3

Skin (keratinized cells)
Mucus to catch containing lysozymes
ciliated epithelial cells (lungs)

Question 4

Soluable factors (innate)

Answer 4

Lysozymes
phagocytes and H2O2 production
HCL in stomach
Compliment proteins
Interferon cytokines

Question 5

Compliment proteins

Answer 5

Serum glycoproteins that are activated by innate immune response and induce cytotoxicity to pathogen

Question 6

Interferon cytokines

Answer 6

antiviral glycoproteins, get released when a cell is infected by a virus

Question 7

Five cardinal signs of inflammatory response

Answer 7

Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Tumor (swelling)
Functio-laesia (loss of function)

Question 8

Pluripotent haematopoetic cell lines

Answer 8

Lymphoid (forms adaptive immune B and T cells)
Myeloid (becomes polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
Erythroid (makes megakaryocytic then platelets)

Question 9

Neutrophil

Answer 9

From Myeloid precursor
Does phagocytosis to kill pathogens
They die and are degraded by macrophages into pus

Question 10

Eosinophil

Answer 10

From Myeloid precursor
Kills parasites marked by antibodies by releasing granule contents

Question 11

Basophil

Answer 11

From Myeloid precursor
Method unknown

Question 12

Dendritic cell

Answer 12

From Myeloid precursor
Site of communication to activate T cells (has dendrites to increase SA and signal response)

Question 13

Mast cell

Answer 13

Excludes parasites by release of histamine

Question 14

Monocyte

Answer 14

precursor to macrophage

Question 15

Macrophage

Answer 15

Phagocytosis of pathogens and activated T cells and immune response

Question 16

Leukocyte proportions

Answer 16

Neutrophil 40-75
Eosinophil 1-6
Basophil <1
Monocyte 2-10
Lymphocyte 20-50

Question 17

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 17

Bone marrow
Thymus
Where lymphocytes develop and mature

Question 18

Secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 18

Spleen
Adenoids
Tonsils
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Peters patches
Mature lymphocytes are stimulated

Question 19

GALT

Answer 19

Gut associated lymphoid tissue
Tonsils, adenoids, appendix, peyers patches

Question 20

BALT

Answer 20

Bronchial associated lymphoid tissue
No fibrous capsule just aggregates

Question 21

MALT

Answer 21

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
no fibrous capsule just aggregates

Question 22

Lymph nodes

Answer 22

Where many lymph vessels join (anastomosing)
Contains mature lymphocytes that filter through the lymph containing pathogens

Question 23

Lymph return to venous

Answer 23

Subclavian vein in the neck

Question 24

Mature lymphocyte circulation

Answer 24

1 Organs -> blood stream -> 2 organs -> lymphatics to return to blood or tissue `

Question 25

Spleen

Answer 25

2 Organ where RBC are broken down, contains no lymphatic connections but does contain white pulp fill of B cells

Question 26

Antibody, Immunoglobulin, Ig

Answer 26

protein made in B cells on the surface or secreted

Question 27

T-cell receptors

Answer 27

TCR's are found on the surface of T cells to recognize antigen and define the T cell

Question 28

Antigen

Answer 28

Any substance capable of inducing a specific immune response. Bound by immunoglobulin or TCRs

Question 29

Epitope

Answer 29

*Antigenic determinant*, this is where the antibodies paratope binds Most antigens are multivalent with many epitopes bind to all types

Question 30

Adaptive immunity attributes

Answer 30

Specificity (many antibodies) Amplification (once found it grows) Modulation (change of Ig isotypes) Memory (secondary immune response)

Question 31

Draw the primary and secondary immune response curve

Answer 31

Lecture 1 slide 48

Question 32

Overall Aby stucture

Answer 32

4 chains (to heavy and to light) disulfide bonds to connect (covalent) N-terminus in variable region C-terminus in constant region

Question 33

Papain

Answer 33

Fab (fragment antigen binding) x2 Fc (fragment crystallizable)

Question 34

Pepsin

Answer 34

F(ab')2 large 2 arm fragment degraded Fc

Question 35

Heavy chain isotypes

Answer 35

GAMED IgG = Gamma A = Alpha (Dimer or monomer) M = Mew (3 C domains) (pentamer) E = Epsilon (3 C domains) D = Delta

Question 36

Light Chain isotypes

Answer 36

Kappa and Lambda

Question 37

Paratope

Answer 37

Antigen binding site on Aby Has framework regions (FR) hypervariable regions (HV) loops or complementaity determining regions (CDR)

Question 38

Aby isotypes

Answer 38

Have differing Fc regions that cause different responses when they find an epitope to bind. They are *glycosylated* in the SER or Golgi

Question 39

Fragments light chains isotypes

Answer 39

V-Variable, J-Joining, C-constant

Question 40

fragments of heavy chain isotypes

Answer 40

V-Variable, D-diversity, J-joining, C-constant, MC- membrane coding

Question 41

Fragment recombination

Answer 41

Via RAG-1 and RAG-2 Recombination activation gene Cut based off recombination signal sequences of heptameter or nonamer that are separated by 12 and 23 BP spacers (12/23 rule)

Question 42

Allelic exclusion

Answer 42

The idea that once specificity is cut out of the fragment it cannot be changed.

Question 43

Affinity maturation

Answer 43

Once selectivity is chosen only random mutations in the CDRs can increase specificity over time (rapid replication increases the speed of mutation

Question 44

Joining chain

Answer 44

Chain that joins type A or M Aby isotypes

Question 45

Isotope order

Answer 45

Starts with many IgM to capture lots of antigen, then some IgD in primary response. then diversifies into other types

Question 46

IgM

Answer 46

Pentamer, First to be secreated to kickstart immune response, very good at triggering compliment system, Short Half-life

Question 47

IgD

Answer 47

Doesn't really have any standout feature other than it is one of the first secreted along with IgM

Question 48

IgG

Answer 48

The most prominent Aby that is good at everything besides crossing epithelium

Question 49

IgA

Answer 49

Dimer or monomer, is really good at crossing epithelium in its dimer form and getting too mucus membranes

Question 50

IgE

Answer 50

is a bitch and is taken up by mast cells for allergic response, very short half-life

Question 51

12/23 rule

Answer 51

coding sections (V,D,J,C) are flanked by heptameters followed by 12 or 23 BP, 12 and 12 or 23 and 23 can't be recombined so that the order is correct.