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BM2 RC > BM2_Patho_AP_Lec_Q1 > Flashcards

BM2_Patho_AP_Lec_Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

converted to coenzyme FLAVIN mononucleotid

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

A

vitamin b2

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2
Q

incorporated to NAD involved in REDOC reactions

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

A

Niacin

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3
Q

also known as THIAMINE involved in Wernicker-Korsakoff syndrome

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

A

Vitamin B1

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4
Q

involved in MEGALOBLASTIC anemia

niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate

A

folate

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5
Q

Techniques that diagnose all classes of infectious agents :

Culture
Gram stain
Silver stains
Giemsa stains
Periodic acid-Schiff

A

Culture

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6
Q

The REPLACEMENT of ONE CELL TYPE with a second that is better able to survive the ongoing insult.

metaplasia
anaplasia
dysplasia
leukoplakia

A

metaplasia

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7
Q

PROTOZOAL species that causes URETHRITIS and VAGINITIS:

Giardia lamblia
Naegleria fowleri
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis
Leishmania sp.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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8
Q

2-yr-old male who lives in the slums, developed an acute systemic viral infection. At the ER, the physician notices FLACCID PARALYSIS of the lower extremities and suspected POLIOVIRUS INFECTION. Tests that may be ordered to confirm diagnosis is/are :

viral culture
PCR of throat secretions
serology
Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct
All are correct.

A

All are correct

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9
Q

A 16 yr old, male with CYSTIC FIBROSIS, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows PNEUMONITIS. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis:

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Streptococcal pneumonitis
Lyme disease
Tertiary syphilis
Staphylococcus aureus infection

A

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection

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10
Q

in response to SCHISTOSOMIASIS infection

squamous metaplasia of bladder mucosa
colonic metaplasia of the stomach
endometrial hyperplasia
Barrett esophagus
squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa

A

squamous metaplasia of BLADDER mucosa

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11
Q

Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

SUPPURATIVE inflammation of skin, oropharynx, heart valves

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

A

streptococcal infection

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12
Q

Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

gas gangrene

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

A

clostridium perfringens; C. septicum

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13
Q

Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

proliferative endarteritis

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

A

Syphilis

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14
Q

Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

endocarditis UTI

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

A

enterococci

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15
Q

Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *

persistent CHRONIC ARTHRITIS

Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci

A

Lyme disease

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16
Q

TISSUE TROPISM by viruses is determined by :

surface proteins that bind to host cells
adhesins
exotoxins
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
endotoxins

A

surface proteins that bind to host cells

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17
Q

Most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: *
systemic miliary tuberculosis lymphadenitis
meningitis miliary pulmonary disease pleural effusion

A

Lymphadenitis

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18
Q

Schistosomiasis pathology: *

-caused by host inflammatory reactions to different stages of the parasite.
-encysts in striated skeletal muscle
-granuloma with ovum at the center containing miracidium large phagocytes
-Only 1st and 3rd choices are correct

A

only 1st and 3rd are correct

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19
Q

Lepromatous leprosy:. *

Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’
Positive acid-fast bacilli found
localized, flat, red skin lesions
granulomas on microscopy
dominated by neuronal involvement

A

granulomas on microscopy

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20
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

absolute lymphocytosis smear with ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

A

epstein-barr virus

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21
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

serologic test (nontreponemal/Treponemal antibody)

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

A

Treponema pallidum

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22
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

thick GELATINOUS capsule that stains red with PAS/ MUCICARMINE

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

A

cryptococcus

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23
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

NONSEPTATE HYPHAE with right angle branching

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

A

Mucor/ Lichtheimia

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24
Q

DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM

fruiting bodies and septate filaments in lung cavities

Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus

A

aspergillosis

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25
Q

Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response:

tissue necrosis

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

A

toxin or lysis mediated destruction

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26
Q

Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response:

supprative inflammation

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

A

increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

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27
Q

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:

mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

A

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens

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28
Q

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:

chronic inflammation/ scarring

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

A

repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma

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29
Q

Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:

cytopathic-cytoproliferative reactions

cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration

A

viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation

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30
Q

All of these statements are true EXCEPT: *

The somatic compartment are the protein stores within muscles.
The somatic compartment is more critical for survival
The visceral compartment is the one severely affected in kwashiorkor.
The somatic compartment is the one affected in marasmus.

A

The somatic compartment is more critical for survival

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31
Q

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease

vitamin C

goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy

A

Scurvy

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32
Q

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease

selenium

goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy

A

cardiomyopathy

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33
Q

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease

iodine

goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy

A

goiter

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34
Q

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease

zinc

goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy

A

decreased wound healing

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35
Q

Match the vitamin deficiency with disease

flouride

goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy

A

dental caries

36
Q

True of Syphilis:

  • Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and pallidum.
  • Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research laboratory (VDRL) tests are Treponemal antibody tests.
  • Culture remains the mainstay of diagnosis of syphilis since both Nontreponemal and treponemal tests are imperfect.
  • Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type
  • Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct.
A

Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type

37
Q

True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): *

  • The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child.
  • Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk foadditional STIs.
  • STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra.
  • People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs.
  • All of the above are correct
A

all of the above

38
Q

Diseases caused by anaerobic flora : *

peritonitis
tetanus
botulism
gas gangrene
All of the above

A

all of the above

39
Q

The maximal distance in diameter across which oxygen, nutrients, and waste can diffuse from blood vessels to adjacent tissues. *

1 to 2 mm
4-5mm
3 to 4 mm
0.5-1mm

A

1 to 2 mm

40
Q

Microorganisms cause disease via the following route/s : *

ingestion of contaminated food and drink with fecal material
breaching epithelial surfaces
adhesion and mucosal invasion and local proliferation strong mechanical
inhalation
only 2nd and 4th choices are correct
all of the above are true

A

all of the above are true

41
Q

true or false

Intact keratinized epidermis serves as a strong mechanical barrier because it is considered the biggest organ of the body.

A

false

42
Q

true or false

The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer.

A

false

43
Q

true or false

Examples of causes of acquired immunodeficiencies are HIV infection and
immunosuppressive drugs.

A

true

44
Q

true or false

‘‘T cell exhaustion’’ is a feature of chronic infections like Hepatitis B and C
infections.

A

true

45
Q

The following are emerging viral agents that could be engineered for bioterrorism/mass dissemination. *

Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Anthrax
Hantavirus
Brucella

A

hantavirus

46
Q

A 25 year old female came in for esophageal rupture. She has past medical history of chronic laxative use and frequent vomiting after binge-eating What is the diagnosis? *

vitamin D deficiency
bulimia
anorexia nervosa
marasmu

A

bulimia

47
Q

Most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the world is caused
by: *

Chlamydia trachomatis
Klebsiella granulomatis
Treponema pallidum
Trichomonas vaginalis
Escherichia coli

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

48
Q

Examples of secreted bacterial proteins (exotoxins) that cause cellular injury/disease is/are: *

endotoxins in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria
antimicrobial peptides like defensins and cathelicidins
bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili.
enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases
All of the above are correct.

A

enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases

49
Q

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease

vitamin b12

degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

A

degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract

50
Q

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease

niacin

degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

A

dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea

51
Q

Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease

vitamin C

degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

A

scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen

52
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: *

  • Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix.
  • Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogeneicity and drug resistance.
  • Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host.
  • Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways.
  • All of the above are correct
A

all of the above

53
Q

A 10 year old male came in for difficulty seeing in the dark. Eye exam show
the findings of Bitot’s spots. what is the diagnosis *

Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin A excess
Vitamin C excess
Vitamin A deficiency

A

Vitamin A deficiency

54
Q

The most common immunodeficiency worldwide: *

infection with HIV
tuberculosis
lymphomas and other hematologic malignancies
autoimmune diseases
Only 1ST and 3RD are correct

A

infection with HIV

55
Q

The outcome of infection is determined by: *

virulence of the microbe
expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines,
chemokines or complement
nature of the host immune response
Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens.
only 2nd & 4th choices are correct
All of the above are correct.

A

all of the above

56
Q

Common modes of vertical transmission of infectious agents from mother to fetus or newborn child : *

seeding of fetal tissues by a virulent organism
direct invasion of fetal tissues via maternal milk
contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal
sexual route during intercourse
All of the above

A

contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal

57
Q

All of the statements are true except: *

Ghrelin elicits voracious eating
Ghrelin is the only gut hormone that increases food intake
Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis
Adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidatio

A

Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis

58
Q

Microbes evade host defences by : *

  • altering and switching their major surface proteins
  • changes in the net surface charge preventing pore formation and antimicrobial peptide insertion
  • downregulation of antimicrobial T cell responses by T cell exhaustion
  • evasion of recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
  • All are correct
A

all are correct

59
Q

The vitamin involved in the maintenance of specialized epithelia and visual
pigment *

K
zinc
A
E

A

A

60
Q

Which one is not a fat-soluble vitamin? *

D
C
E
K

A

C

61
Q

The vitamin involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and mineralization of bone? *

A
folate
D
zinc

A

D

62
Q

The vitamin which is a cofactor of hepatic carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S? *

riboflavin
D
thiamine
K

A

K

63
Q

True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): *

  • The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child.
  • Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk for additional STIs.
  • STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra.
  • People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs.
  • 1st & 3rd choices only
  • 2nd & 4th choices only
  • All of the above are correct
A

1st & 3rd choices only

64
Q

Characteristic/s of mononuclear and chronic granulomatous inflammation : *

inclusion bodies and polykaryons
predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages
rapid and severe necrosis, sometimes ulcers
increased vascular permeability and neutrophilic infiltration
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct

A

predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages

65
Q

Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: *

Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix.
Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogenicity and drug resistance.
Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host.
Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways.
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above

A

all of the above

66
Q

Microbes evade host defences by : *

  • altering and switching their major surface proteins
  • changes in the net surface charge preventing pore formation and antimicrobial peptide insertion
  • downregulation of antimicrobial T cell responses by T cell exhaustion
  • evasion of recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
    1st & 3rd choices only
    2nd & 4th choices only
    All of the above are correct
A

all of the above are correct

67
Q

16 yr old, male with cystic fibrosis, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows pneumonitis. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis: *

Lyme disease
Streptococcal pneumonitis
Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Staphylococcus aureus infection
Tertiary syphilis

A

Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection

68
Q

Tertiary form of syphilis : *

gummas in the skin of an infected individual
meningitis
fetal death in a mother with asymptomatic neurosyphilis
firm, nontender, red lesion in the anus of infected individual
broad-based plaques in the skin of infected individual

A

gummas in the skin of an infected individual

69
Q

Lepromatous leprosy:. *

contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells)
Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’
granulomas on microscopy
gram-negative, slender corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial periplasmic flagella
dominated by neuronal involvement

A

contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells)

70
Q

Microbes resist or evade Host’s immune system via : *

-microbial antigens blocking microbial adhesion and uptake into the cells
-gradual loss of T-cell effector functions and potency
-pathogens infect leucocytes thereby interfering with their function
-few viral genes expressed leading to a state of latent infection
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct

A

2nd & 4th choices only

71
Q

The outcome of infection is determined by: *

virulence of the microbe expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines, chemokines or
complement nature of the host immune response
Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens.
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct

A

All of the above are correct

72
Q

The following are emerging viral agents that could be ENGINEERED for
bioterrorism/mass dissemination. *

anthrax
Hantavirus
Vibrio cholerae
Escherichia coli
Brucella

A

hantavirus

73
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Diagnosis of STIs in a pregnant woman does not prevent neonatal and intrauterine transmission of the infection to the newborn

A

false

74
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Immunosuppressive drugs and HIV infection are causes of acquired immunodeficiencies

A

true

75
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Dissemination of the infection and tissue injury stem from reactivation of the latent virus in viral hemorrhagic fever

A

true

76
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Hepatitis viruses cause acute infection followed by latent infection where infected virions spread to sensory neurons.

A

false

Herpes simplex virus

77
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Confirmatory testing is needed in serologic tests for syphilis because false- positive results can
occur.

A

true

78
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer

A

false

79
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Viruses directly damage host cells by entering them and replicating at the host’s expense.

A

true

80
Q

true
false
cannot be determined

Infectious agents can induce host immune responses that, though directed against the invader, cause additional tissue damage

A

true

81
Q

Mechanisms by which infectious agents establish infection and and damage tissues : *

cause cell death directly or release toxins that kill cells at a distance
cause changes in cellular metabolism and proliferation resulting to cell transformation.
release enzymes that degrade tissue components
damage blood vessels and cause ischemic necrosis
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correc

A

1st & 3rd choices only

82
Q

Sexually transmitted disease that cause asymptomatic infections in women. *

N. gonorrhoeae
Secondary syphilis
C. trachomatis
Entamoeba histolytica
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct

A

1st & 3rd choices only

83
Q

Secreted bacterial proteins that cause cellular injury and disease.:

enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases
endotoxins like lipid A
bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili
neutrophils and macrophages
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct

A

enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases

84
Q

The following statements are true regarding Syphilis : *

  • Gram stain is the mainstay of diagnosis
  • Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests are examples of Treponemal antibody tests
  • Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis
  • Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and T.pallidum.
    1st & 3rd choices only
    2nd & 4th choices only
    All of the above are correct
A

Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis

85
Q

What is the diagnosis? *

cherubism
marasmus
folate deficiency
kwashiorkor

A

marasmus

86
Q

What is the diagnosis

cherubism
marasmus
folate deficiency
kwashiorkor

A

kwashiorkor

87
Q

What is the diagnosis?

osteomalacia
rickets
Vitamin D toxicity
vitamin D excess

A

rickets

BM2 RC (7 decks)

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