BM2_Patho_AP_Lec_Q1 Flashcards
converted to coenzyme FLAVIN mononucleotid
niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate
vitamin b2
incorporated to NAD involved in REDOC reactions
niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate
Niacin
also known as THIAMINE involved in Wernicker-Korsakoff syndrome
niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate
Vitamin B1
involved in MEGALOBLASTIC anemia
niacin
vitamin b2
vitamin b1
folate
folate
Techniques that diagnose all classes of infectious agents :
Culture
Gram stain
Silver stains
Giemsa stains
Periodic acid-Schiff
Culture
The REPLACEMENT of ONE CELL TYPE with a second that is better able to survive the ongoing insult.
metaplasia
anaplasia
dysplasia
leukoplakia
metaplasia
PROTOZOAL species that causes URETHRITIS and VAGINITIS:
Giardia lamblia
Naegleria fowleri
Entamoeba histolytica
Trichomonas vaginalis
Leishmania sp.
Trichomonas vaginalis
2-yr-old male who lives in the slums, developed an acute systemic viral infection. At the ER, the physician notices FLACCID PARALYSIS of the lower extremities and suspected POLIOVIRUS INFECTION. Tests that may be ordered to confirm diagnosis is/are :
viral culture
PCR of throat secretions
serology
Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct
All are correct.
All are correct
A 16 yr old, male with CYSTIC FIBROSIS, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows PNEUMONITIS. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis:
Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Streptococcal pneumonitis
Lyme disease
Tertiary syphilis
Staphylococcus aureus infection
Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
in response to SCHISTOSOMIASIS infection
squamous metaplasia of bladder mucosa
colonic metaplasia of the stomach
endometrial hyperplasia
Barrett esophagus
squamous metaplasia of bronchial mucosa
squamous metaplasia of BLADDER mucosa
Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *
SUPPURATIVE inflammation of skin, oropharynx, heart valves
Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci
streptococcal infection
Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *
gas gangrene
Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci
clostridium perfringens; C. septicum
Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *
proliferative endarteritis
Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci
Syphilis
Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *
endocarditis UTI
Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci
enterococci
Give the pathognomonic LESION for each disease: *
persistent CHRONIC ARTHRITIS
Lyme disease
CLostridium perfringens; C septicum
Syphilis
Streptococcal infection
Enterococci
Lyme disease
TISSUE TROPISM by viruses is determined by :
surface proteins that bind to host cells
adhesins
exotoxins
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
endotoxins
surface proteins that bind to host cells
Most frequent presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis: *
systemic miliary tuberculosis lymphadenitis
meningitis miliary pulmonary disease pleural effusion
Lymphadenitis
Schistosomiasis pathology: *
-caused by host inflammatory reactions to different stages of the parasite.
-encysts in striated skeletal muscle
-granuloma with ovum at the center containing miracidium large phagocytes
-Only 1st and 3rd choices are correct
only 1st and 3rd are correct
Lepromatous leprosy:. *
Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’
Positive acid-fast bacilli found
localized, flat, red skin lesions
granulomas on microscopy
dominated by neuronal involvement
granulomas on microscopy
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM
absolute lymphocytosis smear with ATYPICAL LYMPHOCYTE
Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus
epstein-barr virus
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM
serologic test (nontreponemal/Treponemal antibody)
Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus
Treponema pallidum
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM
thick GELATINOUS capsule that stains red with PAS/ MUCICARMINE
Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus
cryptococcus
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM
NONSEPTATE HYPHAE with right angle branching
Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus
Mucor/ Lichtheimia
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR EACH ORGANISM
fruiting bodies and septate filaments in lung cavities
Cryptococcus
ASpergillosis
Mucor/Lichtheimia
Treponema Pallidum
Epstein-Barr virus
aspergillosis
Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response:
tissue necrosis
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
Pathogenesis of diffenent type of inflammatory response:
supprative inflammation
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:
mononuclear and granulomatous inflammation
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:
chronic inflammation/ scarring
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
Pathogenesis of different type of inflammatory response:
cytopathic-cytoproliferative reactions
cell-mediated immune response to pathogens
repetitive injury leads to fibrosis/loss of parenchyma
toxin or lysis mediated destruction
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
increased vascular permeability leucocytic infiltration
viral transformation of cells, necrosis, multinucleation
All of these statements are true EXCEPT: *
The somatic compartment are the protein stores within muscles.
The somatic compartment is more critical for survival
The visceral compartment is the one severely affected in kwashiorkor.
The somatic compartment is the one affected in marasmus.
The somatic compartment is more critical for survival
Match the vitamin deficiency with disease
vitamin C
goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy
Scurvy
Match the vitamin deficiency with disease
selenium
goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy
cardiomyopathy
Match the vitamin deficiency with disease
iodine
goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy
goiter
Match the vitamin deficiency with disease
zinc
goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy
decreased wound healing
Match the vitamin deficiency with disease
flouride
goiter
dental caries
cardiomyopathy; myopathy
decreased wound healing
scurvy
dental caries
True of Syphilis:
- Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and pallidum.
- Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research laboratory (VDRL) tests are Treponemal antibody tests.
- Culture remains the mainstay of diagnosis of syphilis since both Nontreponemal and treponemal tests are imperfect.
- Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type
- Only 1ST and 3RD choices are correct.
Either Nontreponemal and Treponemal test should be used to confirm a positive test of the other type
True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): *
- The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child.
- Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk foadditional STIs.
- STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra.
- People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs.
- All of the above are correct
all of the above
Diseases caused by anaerobic flora : *
peritonitis
tetanus
botulism
gas gangrene
All of the above
all of the above
The maximal distance in diameter across which oxygen, nutrients, and waste can diffuse from blood vessels to adjacent tissues. *
1 to 2 mm
4-5mm
3 to 4 mm
0.5-1mm
1 to 2 mm
Microorganisms cause disease via the following route/s : *
ingestion of contaminated food and drink with fecal material
breaching epithelial surfaces
adhesion and mucosal invasion and local proliferation strong mechanical
inhalation
only 2nd and 4th choices are correct
all of the above are true
all of the above are true
true or false
Intact keratinized epidermis serves as a strong mechanical barrier because it is considered the biggest organ of the body.
false
true or false
The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer.
false
true or false
Examples of causes of acquired immunodeficiencies are HIV infection and
immunosuppressive drugs.
true
true or false
‘‘T cell exhaustion’’ is a feature of chronic infections like Hepatitis B and C
infections.
true
The following are emerging viral agents that could be engineered for bioterrorism/mass dissemination. *
Escherichia coli
Vibrio cholerae
Anthrax
Hantavirus
Brucella
hantavirus
A 25 year old female came in for esophageal rupture. She has past medical history of chronic laxative use and frequent vomiting after binge-eating What is the diagnosis? *
vitamin D deficiency
bulimia
anorexia nervosa
marasmu
bulimia
Most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease in the world is caused
by: *
Chlamydia trachomatis
Klebsiella granulomatis
Treponema pallidum
Trichomonas vaginalis
Escherichia coli
Chlamydia trachomatis
Examples of secreted bacterial proteins (exotoxins) that cause cellular injury/disease is/are: *
endotoxins in the outer membrane of Gram (-) bacteria
antimicrobial peptides like defensins and cathelicidins
bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili.
enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases
All of the above are correct.
enzymes like proteases, hyaluronidases, coagulases
Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease
vitamin b12
degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen
degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease
niacin
degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
Match the deficient vitamin/mineral to the disease
vitamin C
degeneration of the posterolateral spinal cord tract
dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen
scurvy, hydroxylation of collagen
Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: *
- Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix.
- Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogeneicity and drug resistance.
- Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host.
- Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways.
- All of the above are correct
all of the above
A 10 year old male came in for difficulty seeing in the dark. Eye exam show
the findings of Bitot’s spots. what is the diagnosis *
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin A excess
Vitamin C excess
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
The most common immunodeficiency worldwide: *
infection with HIV
tuberculosis
lymphomas and other hematologic malignancies
autoimmune diseases
Only 1ST and 3RD are correct
infection with HIV
The outcome of infection is determined by: *
virulence of the microbe
expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines,
chemokines or complement
nature of the host immune response
Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens.
only 2nd & 4th choices are correct
All of the above are correct.
all of the above
Common modes of vertical transmission of infectious agents from mother to fetus or newborn child : *
seeding of fetal tissues by a virulent organism
direct invasion of fetal tissues via maternal milk
contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal
sexual route during intercourse
All of the above
contact with infectious agent during passage through birth canal
All of the statements are true except: *
Ghrelin elicits voracious eating
Ghrelin is the only gut hormone that increases food intake
Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis
Adiponectin stimulates fatty acid oxidatio
Leptin is secreted by the stomach and inhibits thermogenesis
Microbes evade host defences by : *
- altering and switching their major surface proteins
- changes in the net surface charge preventing pore formation and antimicrobial peptide insertion
- downregulation of antimicrobial T cell responses by T cell exhaustion
- evasion of recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
- All are correct
all are correct
The vitamin involved in the maintenance of specialized epithelia and visual
pigment *
K
zinc
A
E
A
Which one is not a fat-soluble vitamin? *
D
C
E
K
C
The vitamin involved in the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and mineralization of bone? *
A
folate
D
zinc
D
The vitamin which is a cofactor of hepatic carboxylation of factors II, VII, IX, X, Protein C and S? *
riboflavin
D
thiamine
K
K
True statements of sexually transmitted diseases (STIs): *
- The microbes that cause STI can be spread from a pregnant woman to the fetus and cause severe damage to the fetus and child.
- Infection with one STI-associated organism increases the risk for additional STIs.
- STIs may spread from the rectum, oropharynx and urethra.
- People who use illegal drugs parenterally are at greater risk for STIs.
- 1st & 3rd choices only
- 2nd & 4th choices only
- All of the above are correct
1st & 3rd choices only
Characteristic/s of mononuclear and chronic granulomatous inflammation : *
inclusion bodies and polykaryons
predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages
rapid and severe necrosis, sometimes ulcers
increased vascular permeability and neutrophilic infiltration
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
predominant mononuclear cell infiltrates and aggregation of activated macrophages
Mechanisms of bacterial injury include: *
Adhesins and bacterial surface proteins bind to host cells or extracellular matrix.
Mobile genetic elements like plasmids and bacteriophages transmit functionally important genes which influence pathogenicity and drug resistance.
Bacterial endotoxins that both stimulates host immune responses and injures the host.
Toxins that alter intracellular signalling or regulatory pathways.
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above
all of the above
Microbes evade host defences by : *
- altering and switching their major surface proteins
- changes in the net surface charge preventing pore formation and antimicrobial peptide insertion
- downregulation of antimicrobial T cell responses by T cell exhaustion
- evasion of recognition by CD4+ helper T-cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
all of the above are correct
16 yr old, male with cystic fibrosis, admitted for dyspnea. Chest x-ray shows pneumonitis. Microscopy: masses of Gram(-) organisms in blood vessel walls with haemorrhage and thrombi. Most likely diagnosis: *
Lyme disease
Streptococcal pneumonitis
Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Staphylococcus aureus infection
Tertiary syphilis
Pseudomonas (Ps. aeruginosa) infection
Tertiary form of syphilis : *
gummas in the skin of an infected individual
meningitis
fetal death in a mother with asymptomatic neurosyphilis
firm, nontender, red lesion in the anus of infected individual
broad-based plaques in the skin of infected individual
gummas in the skin of an infected individual
Lepromatous leprosy:. *
contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells)
Bacilli are negative or “paucibacillary’
granulomas on microscopy
gram-negative, slender corkscrew-shaped bacteria with axial periplasmic flagella
dominated by neuronal involvement
contain large aggregates of lipid-laden macrophages (lepra cells)
Microbes resist or evade Host’s immune system via : *
-microbial antigens blocking microbial adhesion and uptake into the cells
-gradual loss of T-cell effector functions and potency
-pathogens infect leucocytes thereby interfering with their function
-few viral genes expressed leading to a state of latent infection
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
2nd & 4th choices only
The outcome of infection is determined by: *
virulence of the microbe expression of factors by viruses that interfere with the actions of cytokines, chemokines or
complement nature of the host immune response
Antibody-mediated host defences against microbial antigens.
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
All of the above are correct
The following are emerging viral agents that could be ENGINEERED for
bioterrorism/mass dissemination. *
anthrax
Hantavirus
Vibrio cholerae
Escherichia coli
Brucella
hantavirus
true
false
cannot be determined
Diagnosis of STIs in a pregnant woman does not prevent neonatal and intrauterine transmission of the infection to the newborn
false
true
false
cannot be determined
Immunosuppressive drugs and HIV infection are causes of acquired immunodeficiencies
true
true
false
cannot be determined
Dissemination of the infection and tissue injury stem from reactivation of the latent virus in viral hemorrhagic fever
true
true
false
cannot be determined
Hepatitis viruses cause acute infection followed by latent infection where infected virions spread to sensory neurons.
false
Herpes simplex virus
true
false
cannot be determined
Confirmatory testing is needed in serologic tests for syphilis because false- positive results can
occur.
true
true
false
cannot be determined
The activation of oncogenes identified in H. pylori organisms is the cause for development of gastric cancer
false
true
false
cannot be determined
Viruses directly damage host cells by entering them and replicating at the host’s expense.
true
true
false
cannot be determined
Infectious agents can induce host immune responses that, though directed against the invader, cause additional tissue damage
true
Mechanisms by which infectious agents establish infection and and damage tissues : *
cause cell death directly or release toxins that kill cells at a distance
cause changes in cellular metabolism and proliferation resulting to cell transformation.
release enzymes that degrade tissue components
damage blood vessels and cause ischemic necrosis
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correc
1st & 3rd choices only
Sexually transmitted disease that cause asymptomatic infections in women. *
N. gonorrhoeae
Secondary syphilis
C. trachomatis
Entamoeba histolytica
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
1st & 3rd choices only
Secreted bacterial proteins that cause cellular injury and disease.:
enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases
endotoxins like lipid A
bacterial surface proteins like adhesins and pili
neutrophils and macrophages
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
enzymes like hyaluronidases, coagulases and proteases
The following statements are true regarding Syphilis : *
- Gram stain is the mainstay of diagnosis
- Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests are examples of Treponemal antibody tests
- Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis
- Treponemal antibody tests measure antibody to a phospholipid present in both host tissues and T.pallidum.
1st & 3rd choices only
2nd & 4th choices only
All of the above are correct
Nontreponemal and treponemal tests can be used as screening tests for Syphilis
What is the diagnosis? *
cherubism
marasmus
folate deficiency
kwashiorkor
marasmus
What is the diagnosis
cherubism
marasmus
folate deficiency
kwashiorkor
kwashiorkor
What is the diagnosis?
osteomalacia
rickets
Vitamin D toxicity
vitamin D excess
rickets
