Blood Vessels Flashcards by Abigale Elam

Normal BP

120 systolic
80 diastolic

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Hypertension BP

140 systolic
90 diastolic

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vascular tunica intima is composed of what cells?

endothelial cell

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what type of capillaries in blood brain barrier?

continuous

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short term regulation of blood pressure is achieved by…?

vasoconstriction/dilation of muscular arteries

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What is NOT expected as a result of increased Renin secretion?

Increased Urine output

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where in circulatory system does blood move slowest?

capillaries

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first stage of atherosclerosis is called…

fatty streak

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rapid loss of BP due to immune reaction and histamine =

anaphylactic shock

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vasomotor center is located in what part of the brain?

medulla

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when fluid leaks out of capillaries, what 2 places does it go?

back into capillaries
into lymphatic capillaries

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Miles of blood vessels in average human?

60,000

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leading causes of death in US are heart disease, cancer, stroke, covid. What have in common?

Blood pressure? flow, etc.

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Hormones that control BP

Adrenal Medulla: epinephrine
ANP from heart
ADH
ATII
Endothelin
PDGF
NO

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What type of receptors monitor BP?

Baro/Piezo receptors

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Approximately how wide are capillaries?

1 RBC
1mm

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Where does the extra fluid go?

Lymphatic capillaries or back into capillaries

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Innermost lining
of blood vessels, endothelial layer sometimes supported by thin connective tissue membrane
(subendothelial cell layer).

Tunica interna (intima)

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middle layer, smooth muscle

Tunica media

Outermost layer, loose connective tissue infiltrated w vasa vasorum

tunica externa (adventitia)

Arteries closest to heart. Internal diameters 25 to
10 mm Have large amounts of elastin at all three tunics.

Elastic arteries

Smaller than elastic arteries. Deliver blood to specific organs. Internal diameter ranges from 10 to .3 mm.
Thickest tunica media. Less
elastin.

Muscular arteries

Smallest of arteries. Lumen ranges from .3 to .01 mm. Have all three tunics, very little elastin in tunica media. lead into capillaries

arterioles

continuous capillaries

tight junctions, intercellular clefts

fenestrated capillaries

some of the endothelial have holes covered by membrane (fenestrations) Absorb!! like kidney, intestine

Sinusoidal capillaries

very leaky, large intercellular clefts and fenestrations. RBCs can pass thru. Liver, marrow, lymph, some endocrine

terminal arteriole

supplies blood to capillaries

precapillary sphincters

local control, open or close

Venules

Smallest veins formed by merging capillaries. Smallest venules (postcapillary venules) only endothelium with pericytes.

Veins

thinner than arteries, low P so backflow. Venous valves make one way.

anastamoses

provide multiple pathways

Blood flow

= change in pressure/ Resistance

Albumin

pulls water into blood

40-20mmHg

capillary BP

0-20mmHg, need help moving blood thru, respiratory and muscular pump

Venous BP

Resistance (3)

blood viscosity vessel length vessel diameter

Short term regulation of blood pressure:

PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE. Neural controls: Vasomotor center or Medullary cardiovascular center CONSTRICTS - NOREPINEPHRINE

Long Term regulation of blood pressure:

blood volume...Renin-Angiotensin mechanism (aldosterone/ADH) hold your pee!

inhibits adh release

alchohol

Local capillary demand is regulated by

precapillary sphincters and by Nitric Oxide release from oxygen stressed endothelial cells. Local NO release causes local vasodilatation.

Resting tissue perfusion:

Brain 13%, Heart 4%, Kidneys 20%, Abdominal organs 24%, Skeletal muscles 20%.

low blood volume often resulting form massive fluid loss. At first offset by increase in HR and vasoconstriction.

hypovolemic shock

circulatory shock

blood vessels inadequately filled = poor circulation

blood volume is normal, but blood pressure is low due to abnormal vasodilatation. Anaphylactic shock: histamine Septic shock: bacterial infections

vascular shock

Heart cannot maintain adequate blood circulation. Caused by successive weakening of the heart myocardium.

Cardiogenic shock

Atherosclerosis levels (calcification)

0-20: fatty streak 20-40: advanced FS, atheroma 40+: fibrous plaque, adv P critical stenosis aneurism and rupture thrombus

Aneurisms

Arteries that are bulging due to high pressure and weakened vessel walls.