Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiration
O2 from lungs to tissues
CO2 from tissues to lungs
4 processes of respiration
1) pulmonary ventilation:
breathing, air in/out lungs
2) external resp: O2/CO2 lungs/blood
3) transport of resp gas: blood carrying O2/CO2 lungs/tissues
4) Internal resp: O2 blood/cells
Identify the organs forming the respiratory passageways in descending order
Sites of gas exchange.
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveoli.
Distinguish between conducting and respiratory zone structures.
conducting zones are external, leading to the internal respiratory zones
List and describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system
MALT system
Inflation Reflex (don’t overinflate)
Pleural cavity?
Describe the makeup of the respiratory membrane and relate structure to function.
alveoli: Type I epithelial cells overlaying thin basal lamina.
capillary: endothelial cells overlaying thin basal lamina.
Gasses diffuse
Soap prevents sticking
Describe the gross structure of the lungs and pleurae.
lungs are in plural cavity, right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes and cardiac notch.
pleurae is a thin membrane surrounding lungs and forming pleural cavity (visceral, pleural, parietal)
Relate Boyles law to events of inspiration and expiration.
if volume increases, pressure must decrease. If volume
decreases, pressure must increase
Explain the relative roles of the respiratory muscles and lung elasticity in producing the volume changes that cause air to flow into and out of the lungs.
diaphragm down, intercostal up on inhale
Explain the functional importance of the partial vacuum that exists in the intrapleural space.
Whether or not a lung will inflate or deflate depends on the Intrapulmonary and Intrapleural
pressures.
If Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than Intrapleural pressure, the lung inflates.
List several physical factors that influence pulmonary ventilation.
Airway resistance
alveolar surface tension: favors lung collapse
lung compliance
Indicate types of information that
can be gained from pulmonary function tests.
lung volumes
air flow
diffusion capacity
Define dead space.
the volume of air within the respiratory system that does not participate in gas exchange, like scarring and disease
State Daltons law of partial pressures
The total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture.
State Henry’s Law
The solubility of a gas is related to the gas’s concentration.
Describe how atmospheric and alveolar air differ in composition and explain these differences.
Alveolar air has less oxygen, more carbon dioxide, and more water vapor than atmospheric air due to the processes of gas exchange, humidification, and mixing with residual lung air. These differences are crucial for maintaining efficient respiration and homeostasis in the body.
Relate Dalton’s and Henry’s laws to events of external and internal respiration.
Describe how oxygen is transported in the blood and explain how oxygen loading and unloading is affected by temperature, pH, 2,3-DPG, and PCO2.
Describe carbon dioxide transport in the blood.
Describe the neural controls of respiration.
Compare and contrast the influences of lung reflexes, volition, emotions, arterial pH, and arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide on respiratory rate and depth.
Compare and contrast the hypernea of exercise with involuntary hyperventilation.
Describe the process and effects of acclimatization to high altitude.
causes and consequences of chronic bronchitis
Excessive mucus, inflammation, fibrosis of respiratory zones caused by inhaled irritants. Frequent pulmonary infections.
thick membrane = less gas exchange
