Exam 2 Review Flashcards by Abigale Elam

Medicines that function by blocking ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) are commonly used to…

Increase cardiac output
Increase red blood cell production
Stimulate vasoconstriction
Reduce high blood pressure
Increase thyroid hormone secretion

Reduce high blood pressure

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in general, the arteries closest to the heart are considered…

Muscular arteries
Arterioles
Vasa vasorum
Elastic arteries
Continuous arteries

Elastic arteries

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Your blood circulates around your body in approximately ___ minutes.

Three
Seven
One
Five
Ten

One

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Anaphylactic shock is characterized by…

Reduced blood pressure related to weakening of the heart
Reduced blood pressure caused by Bacterial infection of the blood.
Reduced blood pressure caused by allergic reaction
Reduced blood pressure due to dehydration
Reduced blood pressure caused by excessive bleeding

Reduced blood pressure caused by allergic reaction

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The tunica intima is composed of cells called…

Columnar cells
Epithelial cells
Hepatic cells
Endothelial cells
Vascular cells

Endothelial cells

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As a group of vessels, which blood vessel have the greatest surface area?

Arterioles
Muscular arteries
Elastic arteries
Veins
Capillaries

Capillaries

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Consistent systolic blood pressures of ______ or more are considered hypertensive.

90 mmHg
110 mmHg
140 mmHg
120 mmHg
80 mmHg

140 mmHg

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Vasoconstriction is primarily mediated by which of the following hormones?

Norepinephrine
Histamine
Thyroid hormone
Nitric oxide
Endothelin

Norepinephrine

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Continuous capillaries are commonly found in the…

Kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Blood brain barrier
Skeletal muscle

Blood brain barrier

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Which type of blood vessel is most responsible for making rapid adjustments to blood pressure?

Muscular arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Arterioles
Elastic arteries

Muscular arteries

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Maintaining the elasticity of elastic arteries is important for which of the following reasons?

Helps to keep blood pressure within normal limits
Helps to keep blood flowing at even speed
Reduces stress on the heart
All of these are correct

All of these are correct

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A condition characterized by extreme enlargement of body parts that is caused by failure of the lymphatic system to collect lymphatic fluid from various tissues is…

Lymphatic hypertrophy
Edema
Lymphatic hypertension
Inflammation
Elephantitis

Elephantitis

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Lymphatic fluid is returned to the general circulation…

At the base of neck region
In the small intestine
In the brain
In the abdominal cavity
None of these, lymphatic fluid drains into the bladder

At the base of neck region

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The main organ(s) of the lymphatic system is/are the…

Lymphatic ducts
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Lymphatic capillaries
Peyers patches

Lymph nodes

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Lymphatic fluid is produced by…

Fluid leaking out of the circulatory system
Fluid leaking out of the nervous system
Fluid leaking out of the digestive organs
Fluid leaking out of the urinary system
Fluid leaking out of the respiratory system

Fluid leaking out of the circulatory system

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Which of the following is not part of the innate defenses of a human?

Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Complement
Inflammation
NK cells

Lymphocytes

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The main goal of vaccines is to…

Stimulate memory cell development
Increase neutrophil counts in the blood
Stimulate dendritic cell proliferation
Stimulate macrophage activation
Provoke inflammation

Stimulate memory cell development

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A foreign antigen presented on a MHC-I molecule might trigger activation of which of the following cell types?

B-cell
Macrophage
Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cell
NK cell
Helper (CD4+) T-cell

Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cell

The absence of all MHC-I molecules on a cell would provoke destruction by which of the following immune cells?

NK cell
Helper T-cell
Macrophage
Cytotoxic T-cell
B-cell

NK cell

Approximately how long does it take for the adaptive immune system to mount a defense after the first exposure to a foreign antigen?

~12 hours
~1 week
~1 hour
~1 month
~1 day

~1 hour

HIV cripples the immune system by infecting and killing which type of cell?

Neutrophils
Helper T-cells
Endothelial cells
B-cells
NK cells

Helper T-cells

The main function of CD4+ T-cells is to…

Destroy bacterial cells
Secrete cytokines (hormones) that activate the immune system
Destroy cells that are infected with virus
Produce antibodies
Destroy cancer cells

Secrete cytokines (hormones) that activate the immune system

Complement fixation, neutralization, and agglutination are all mechanisms by which ____________ perform their functions.

Macrophages
Antibodies
T-cells
Reticular fibers
Interferon

Antibodies

T-cells and B-cells are commonly found in tonsils

True
False

True

Protein, DNA, and lipids make good antigens but carbohydrates are not antigenic. True False

False

Tunica Externa main component

elastin

Tunica media main component

smooth muscle

Tunica intima main component

endothelial

Basement membrane main component

collagen 4

B-cells make memory cells in response to stimulation, but T-cells do not make memory cells. True False

False

Clonal selection is a process that happens with both B-cells and T-cells. True False

True

Antibody diversity is generated in a process called [ Select ] and has the capacity to make billions / Infinite of different antibodies each with unique [ Select ]

VDJ recombination variable regions

Blood that leaves the heart through the coronary arteries is eventually returned to the heart through the... inferior vena cava coronary sinus marginal artery superior vena cava pulmonary veins

coronary sinus

The pacemaker function of the heart is initiated by the [blank] and [blank]

funny channels K+ leak channels .

[ Select ] slows heart rate and [ Select ] increases heart rate by changing Na+ flow through the [ Select ].

acetylcholine norepinephrine funny channels

Which of the following DOES NOT have an impact on coronary output? None of these, they all impact coronary output Heart rate Afterload End diastolic volume Stroke volume

None of these, they all impact coronary output

When blood leaves the right ventricle, it is pumped to the... the rest of the body Brain left ventricle Lungs Heart

Lungs

One function of the pericardium is to... To provide a low friction environment for the heart To insulate the heart To pressurize the heart and increase heart function To insure constant oxygen delivery to the heart To keep the heart from getting to large

To provide a low friction environment for the heart

Which of the following correctly describes the conduction pathway in the heart? SA node, AV node, bundle branches, bundle of His, purkinje fibers SA node, purkinje fibers, bundle branches, bundle of His, AV node SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers SA node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers, AV node SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers, bundle branches

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

When do AV valves CLOSE during the cardiac cycle? When ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure When pressure inside the atria is greater that inside the ventricles When pressure is greater in the aorta than in the left ventricle When pressure inside the ventricles is at it's lowest

When ventricular pressure is greater than atrial pressure

In which of the following would you expect blood oxygenation to be the lowest? Pulmonary veins Aorta Vena Cava Coronary artery

Vena Cava

The “respiratory pump” and the “muscular pump” are important for… Helping blood return to the heart Forcing blood into the high resistance capillary beds Moving blood into the large vessels of the neck Controlling cardiac output Preventing blood from slowing down in the arteries

Helping blood return to the heart

The first stage of atherosclerosis development is called the ___________. Stenosis Fibrous plaque Atheroma Fatty streak

Fatty streak

Veins have many [ Select ] that prevent back flow, thin layers of [ Select ], and anastomoses that connect different veins to allow alternative routes of blood flow.