Blood Vessel Pathology Flashcards
Varicose Veins signs and symptoms
Varicose veins may not cause pain initially
signs: dark purple/blue in colour and twisted
symtpoms, achy/heav feeling in legs
burning, throbbing mm cramping and swelling in the legs
pain sitting or standing for long time
Risk Factors of varicose veins
female, standing for long periods, obesity, increased age, pregnancy
Varicose Veins
vein blood pooled: produced distended palpable vessels
occurs in superficial veins most commonly lower limb
Pathology of Veins
Varicose veins, thrombophlebitis, deep vein thrombosis
Manifestations of Chronic Arterial Obstruction
blood supply may be adequate at rest. No symptoms.
During activity, 02 demand is higher meaning occuluded vessel cant provide sufficient blood flow which leads to inschemic pain. refers to
intermittent claudication
Acute Arterial Obstruction
Manifestions
6 P’s, painful pale, perishingly cold, pulseless, paraesthetic, paralysed
needs surgery therefore referred to hositpal
Complications of Atherosclerosis: PAD
Peripheral Artery Diseasse
atherosclerosis causes obstruction of the arteries which leads to inadequate blood supply to tissues
Plaque within the vessel wall may lead to endotheelial damage which leads to risk of thrombus formation
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors
modifiable, lifetstle factors,
un modifiable, age, bilogical, sex, genetic predispostion
Atherosclerosis
depositis of fat and fibrin within the aretial walls that hardens over time
Arteriosclerosis
thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
Arterial Thrombosis
formation of thrombus within an artery
Predispose, endothelial damage
tubent blood flow
Vasuclits (inflammation in the blood vesell)
Virchow Trad Coagulations Changes
pregnancy, smoking, obesity, Hormone replacement therapy
Virchows triad: Vessel Wall Damage
endothelial damage:
trauma/surgery, atherosclerosis, turbulent blood flow
Virchows triad Stasis
Stoppage of blood flow
Immoblity, artieral or venous obstruction
heart failure
Thrombosis Risk Factors
Virchow’s Triad
Stasis, Vessel Wall Damage, Coagulation Changes
Thromboembolus
of the clot breaks loose and travels through the blood stream
Thrombus
the fomration of a blood clot in a blood vessel
Thrombosis
Inappropriate intravascular coagulation can result in thrombus
Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation
Smooth blood flow
turbulent blood flow increases chances of inapprioate cloasting by increasing contact b/w platelets ans stressing endothelial linng of blood vessels
Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation
Natural anticoagulants
Antiithrombin- inactivates several enzymes in the coagulation cascade
heparin: secreted by basophils &mast cells, interferes with formation of prothrombin activator
Prevention of Inappropriate Coagulation
Thrombin dilution
thrombin is dilutied by rapid flowong blood
Heart slows down clot formation may result
eg during shock
Prevention of inappropriate coagulation
Platelet repulsion
Endothelium is coated in prostacyclin, platelets dont adhere to it.
Prevents inappropiate aggreation of platelts on blood vessel walls
Pathology of Veins
Varicose veins
Thrombophlebitis
Deep vein thrombosis
Pathology of Arteries
Arterial thrombosis
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Possible fates of the thrombus
Embolization: as the thrombus loosely attached it can dislodge and travel to other sites in the vasculature.
thromboembolus may travel through the venous system, through right side of the heart and into the lungs where it may block a pulmanoary arery
medical emergecny
What can DVT lead to?
thrombus may continue to accumalte RBC’s, platelets and fibrin and therefore enlarge( propagation) or undero firbnolysis and shrink
May also dislodge and travel through the blood streas as an thromboembolus
DVT Clincial features and roisk facotrs
calf ache, tihgtness, tnderness, swelling increased warmth
change in color
may eb increased presssure on the superifical vein
Risk factors: Virchows trad
DVT and its symptooms
thrombus in the deep vein with no inflammation
deep veins of the extremities particulary calf
symptoms: swelling in affected limb, warmt, pain pallor, tenderness
Thrombophlebitis locations risk factors
clinical features
lower limb: saphenous veins, superifical veins of lower limb)
upper limb: arms in the veins when they likey occur in respone to irritants injected
Risk Factors: varicose veins, pregancy, intravenous injections
Clinical features: tender, red cord like vein, firm on palpation
localised heat adn swelling
Thrombophlebitis
thrombus formation in a vein with the presence of nflammation
can occur superfical or deep
Varicose Veins signs and symptoms
Varicose veins may not cause pain initially
signs: dark purple/blue in colour and twisted
symtpoms, achy/heav feeling in legs
burning, throbbing mm cramping and swelling in the legs
pain sitting or standing for long time
