Blood unit 2 Flashcards

Question

Globulins

Answer 1

◦ Smaller alpha-globulins and larger beta-globulins ◦ Transport some water-insoluble molecules, hormones, metals, ions ◦ Gamma-globulins (immunoglobulins or antibodies) ◦ Part of body’s defenses

Answer 2

◦ Aids in blood clot formation ◦ Following trauma  converted into insoluble fibrin strands ◦ Serum is plasma clotting proteins removed

Answer 3

Includes enzymes and hormones

Answer 4

production of formed elements ◦ Occurs in red bone marrow

Answer 5

stem cells for formed elements ◦ Produce two different lines: ◦ Myeloid line forms erythrocytes, all leukocytes except lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes ◦ Lymphoid line forms only lymphocytes

Answer 6

stimulate hemopoiesis ◦ Growth factors / hormones responsible for the division and maturation of hemopoietic stem cells ◦ Secreted in response to a decrease of formed elements in the blood or other changes in blood homeostasis ◦ Target hemocytoblasts

Answer 7

red blood cell production ◦ Hemocytoblast differentiates in to myeloid stem cell ◦ Multi-CSF differentiates stem cell to a progenitor cell

Answer 8

production of leukocytes ◦ Involves maturation of granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

Answer 9

 Myeloid stem cell (multi-CSF)  Progenitor cell (GM-CSF)  Myeloblast (G-CSF)  Granulocyte

Answer 10

 Myeloid stem cell (multi-CSF)  Progenitor cell (GM-CSF)  Monoblast (M-CSF)

Answer 11

 Lymphoid stem cell  T & B lymphoblasts

Answer 12

platelet production ◦ Results in 1000’s of platelets ◦ Blood flow “slices” off fragments which are platelets Myeloid stem cell (multi-CSF)

Answer 13

red-pigmented protein ◦ Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide ◦ Termed oxygenated when maximally loaded with oxygen ◦ Termed deoxygenated when some oxygen lost

Answer 14

◦ Each hemoglobin molecule is composed of four globins ◦ Two alpha chains and two beta chains ◦ Each chain has a heme group: a porphyrin ring with an iron ion in its center ◦ Each hemoglobin can bind four oxygen molecules ◦ Oxygen binds to iron ◦ Binding is fairly weak ◦ Rapid attachment in lungs and rapid detachment in body tissues ◦ Carbon dioxide binds to globin protein ◦ Binding is fairly weak ◦ Attachment in body tissue and detachment in lungs

Answer 15

EPO) controls erythropoiesis ◦ EPO - hormone produced by kidneys ◦ EPO secretion is stimulated by a decrease in blood oxygen ◦ Red marrow myeloid cells respond to EPO by making more erythrocytes and releasing them into circulation ◦ The erythrocytes increase blood’s oxygen carrying capacity ◦ The increase in blood oxygen inhibits EPO release (negative feedback)

Answer 16

stimulates EPO production in kidney ◦ Males have higher testosterone and higher erythrocyte count

Answer 17

Environmental factors such as altitude influence EPO levels o The low oxygen levels at high altitude stimulate EPO production o Increased erythropoiesis raises blood’s oxygen carrying capacity and viscosity

Answer 18

◦ Lacking organelles, erythrocytes cannot synthesize proteins for repairs ◦ Maximum life span is 120 days ◦ Old erythrocytes phagocytized by the liver or spleen ◦ Globins and membrane proteins are broken into amino acids ◦ Used by body for protein synthesis ◦ Iron from hemoglobin transported by transferrin protein to liver and recycled ◦ Bound to storage proteins: ferritin, hemosiderin ◦ Transported to red bone marrow as needed for erythrocyte production

Answer 19

◦ Heme group (without the iron) is excreted ◦ macrophages convert into green pigment: biliverdin ◦ Further converted to yellow pigment: bilirubin ◦ Becomes part of bile (used in digestive system) ◦ Bilirubin converted to urobilinogen in small intestine ◦ May continue thorough intestine, be converted by bacteria to stercobilin, and be expelled from body as brown pigment in feces ◦ May be absorbed back into blood, converted to urobilin, and be excreted from kidneys as yellow pigment of urine ◦ Liver  bile  small intestine  feces or urine Erythrocytes

Answer 20

◦ Determined by presence or absence of A antigen and B antigen ◦ A and B antigens are membrane glycoproteins ◦ Type A - antigen A ◦ Type B - antigen B ◦ Type AB - both antigens ◦ Type O - neither antigen

Answer 21

Presence or absence of Rh factor (antigen D) on erythrocytes determines if blood type is positive or negative

Answer 22

◦ If someone receives an incompatible transfusion agglutination occurs ◦ Recipient’s antibodies bind to transfused erythrocytes and clump them together ◦ Can block blood vessels ◦ Can cause hemolysis, rupture of erythrocytes, organ damage

Answer 23

◦ Defend against pathogens ◦ Contain nucleus and organelles, but not hemoglobin ◦ Motile and flexible—most not in blood (in tissues)

Answer 24

process of squeezing through blood vessel wall

Answer 25

attraction of leukocytes to chemicals at an infection site

Answer 26

type of leukocyte have visible granules seen with light microscope ◦ Granules are secretory vesicles ◦ Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Answer 27

type of leukocyte have smaller granules that are not visible with light microscope ◦ Lymphocytes, monocytes

Answer 28

Granulocyte ◦ Most numerous leukocyte in blood, multi-lobed nucleus ◦ Cytoplasm has pale granules when stained ◦ Enter tissue spaces and phagocytize infectious pathogens ◦ Release enzymes that target pathogens ◦ Numbers rise dramatically in acute bacterial infection

Answer 29

Granulocyte ◦ 1–4% of leukocytes, bi-lobed nucleus connected by thin strand ◦ Cytoplasm has reddish granules ◦ Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes ◦ Increased numbers during parasitic worm infections and allergic reactions

Answer 30

Granulocyte ◦ 0.5–1% of leukocytes, bi-lobed nucleus ◦ Cytoplasm has blue-violet granules with histamine and heparin ◦ Increased numbers during allergic reactions and inflammatory responses ◦ Release causes: ◦ Histamine ◦ Heparin

Answer 31

◦ Reside in lymphatic organs and structures ◦ 20–40% of blood leukocytes ◦ Dark-staining round nucleus ◦ Three categories: ◦ T-lymphocytes ◦ B-lymphocytes ◦ NK cells (natural killer cells)

Answer 32

release causes increase in blood vessel diameter and capillary permeability (classic allergy symptoms)

Answer 33

inhibits blood clotting

Answer 34

mount immune response ◦ Some can directly attack dangerous cells, some mark cells as being dangerous, some release cytokines

Answer 35

become plasma cells and produce antibodies ◦ Antibodies attack dangerous cells

Answer 36

(natural killer cells) physically attack and poison abnormal and infected tissue cells

Answer 37

◦ C-shaped nucleus ◦ 2–8% of blood leukocytes ◦ Take up residence in tissues ◦ Transform into large phagocytic cells, macrophages ◦ Phagocytize bacteria, viruses, debris ◦ Numbers increase during chronic infection ◦ Ex. tuberculosis

Answer 38

monocytes that left the blood vessel

Answer 39

measures amount of each type of leukocyte and whether any are immature in a count of 100 WBCs

Answer 40

decreased leukocytes ◦ Increases risk of infection

Answer 41

◦increased leukocytes ◦ Caused by recent infection or stress

Answer 42

increased lymphocytes ◦ Caused by viral infections (e.g., mumps, mononucleosis, COVID) ◦ Decreases associated with HIV, leukemia, or other autoimmune disorders

Answer 43

Less neutrophils ◦ May occur with anemia, drug or radiation therapies

Answer 44

more neutrophils ◦ Associated with bacterial infections, stress, tissue necrosis

Answer 45

◦ Small, membrane-enclosed cell fragments ◦ No nucleus ◦ Break off of megakaryocytes in red marrow ◦ Important role in blood clotting ◦ Normally 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter blood ◦ 30% stored in spleen ◦ Circulate for 8 to 10 days; then broken down and recycled

Answer 46

stoppage of bleeding ◦ Three overlapping phases 1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug formation 3. coagulation

Answer 47

blood vessel constriction ◦ First phase in response to blood vessel injury ◦ Limits blood leakage ◦ Lasts from few to many minutes ◦ Platelets and endothelial cells release chemicals that stimulate further constriction ◦ Greater vasoconstriction with greater vessel damage Hemostasis

Answer 48

◦ When blood vessel damaged, a platelet plug is formed ◦ Collagen fibers in vessel wall exposed ◦ Platelets stick to collagen ◦ Platelets develop long processes allowing for better adhesion ◦ Many platelets aggregate and close off injury

Answer 49

blood clotting ◦ Network of fibrin (insoluble protein) forms a mesh ◦ Fibrin comes from soluble precursor fibrinogen ◦ Mesh traps erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma proteins to form clot

Answer 50

Initiated by platelets upon damage to inside of vessel wall

Answer 51

Initiated by damage outside of vessel

Answer 52

Activated by extrinsic or intrinsic pathway ◦ Positive feedback leads to clot formation ◦ Clot stops once fibrin fills mesh ◦ Extra fibrin is destroyed by enzymes in the blood Calcium is required at multiple phases in the clotting cascade

Answer 53

Clot elimination includes clot retraction and fibrinolysis

Answer 54

Actinomyosin (protein within platelets) contracts and squeezes serum out of developing clot making it smaller

Answer 55

◦ Degradation of fibrin strands by plasmin ◦ Begins within 2 days after clot formation ◦ Occurs slowly over a number of days

Answer 56

◦ If greater than 10% of blood is lost ◦ Sympathetic nervous system increases vasoconstriction, heart rate, force of heart contraction ◦ Blood redistributed to heart and brain ◦ Effective in maintaining blood pressure until 40% of blood lost