BLOOD SUPPLY Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Which arteries supply the skin of the external nose?
A. Facial and lingual arteries
B. Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
C. External carotid and subclavian arteries
D. Vertebral and facial arteries
A
Answer: B. Ophthalmic and maxillary arteries
Rationale: From your notes — “Branches of the Ophthalmic and the Maxillary Arteries: Supplies the skin of the external nose”.
2
Q
Which artery supplies the skin of the ala and the lower part of the septum?
A. Maxillary artery
B. Ophthalmic artery
C. Facial artery
D. Infraorbital artery
A
Answer: C. Facial artery
Rationale: From your notes — “Branches of the Facial Artery: Supplies the skin of the ala and the lower part of the septum”.
3
Q
Odd One Out: Which of the following is NOT listed as part of the nerve supply of the external nose?
A. Infratrochlear nerve
B. External nasal branch
C. Infraorbital branch
D. Vagus nerve
A
Answer: D. Vagus nerve
Rationale: The following are listed in your notes as part of the external nose’s nerve supply:
“The infratrochlear and external nasal branches of the ophthalmic nerve (CN V) and the infraorbital branch of the maxillary nerve (CN V).” The vagus nerve is not mentioned.
4
Q
Which arteries provide arterial supply to the nasal cavity?
A. Branches of the facial artery
B. Branches of the maxillary artery
C. Branches of the internal carotid artery
D. Branches of the lingual artery
A
Answer: B. Branches of the maxillary artery
Rationale: From the notes — “Arterial Supply: from branches of the maxillary artery, one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery.”
5
Q
What is considered the most important artery in the blood supply of the nasal cavity?
A. Facial artery
B. Superior labial artery
C. Sphenopalatine artery
D. Ophthalmic artery
A
Answer: C. Sphenopalatine artery
Rationale: From the notes — “Sphenopalatine artery – Most important branch”
6
Q
The lymph vessels draining the vestibule of the nasal cavity end in which lymph nodes?
A. Deep cervical nodes
B. Retropharyngeal nodes
C. Submandibular nodes
D. Jugular nodes
A
Answer: C. Submandibular nodes
Rationale: From the notes — “The lymph vessels draining the vestibule end in the submandibular nodes.”
7
Q
Odd One Out: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of the blood supply or lymph drainage of the nasal cavity?
A. Sphenopalatine artery
B. Superior labial branch
C. Submandibular nodes
D. Axillary nodes
A
Answer: D. Axillary nodes
Rationale: The notes mention:
“Sphenopalatine Artery – Most important branch” “Superior labial branch of the facial artery” “Submandibular nodes” Axillary nodes are not mentioned.
8
Q
The nerves of ordinary sensation in the nasal cavity are branches of the __________ (V1) and __________ (V2) of the trigeminal nerve.
A
Answer: ophthalmic division, maxillary division
Rationale: “The nerves of ordinary sensation are branches of the ophthalmic division (V1) and the maxillary division (V2) of the trigeminal nerve.”
9
Q
The most important artery supplying the nasal cavity is the __________ artery.
A
Answer: Sphenopalatine
Rationale: “Sphenopalatine artery – Most important branch”
10
Q
The lymph vessels from the vestibule of the nasal cavity end in the __________ nodes.
A
Answer: Submandibular
Rationale: “The lymph vessels draining the vestibule end in the submandibular nodes.”
11
Q
The remainder of the nasal cavity drains into the __________ nodes.
A
Answer: Upper deep cervical
Rationale: “The remainder of the nasal cavity is drained by vessels that pass to the upper deep cervical nodes.”
12
Q
What nerve supplies the nasal pharynx?
A. Vagus nerve
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
C. Maxillary nerve (V2)
D. Mandibular nerve (V3)
A
Answer: C. Maxillary nerve (V2)
Rationale: From the notes — “Nasal pharynx: Maxillary nerve (V2)”
13
Q
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the oral pharynx?
A. Hypoglossal nerve
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
C. Facial nerve
D. Maxillary nerve
A
Answer: B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
Rationale: From the notes — “Oral pharynx: Glossopharyngeal nerve”
14
Q
Which nerve innervates the laryngeal pharynx around the entrance into the larynx?
A. Superior laryngeal nerve
B. External branch of the vagus nerve
C. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
D. Internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
A
Answer: D. Internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve
Rationale: From the notes — “Laryngeal pharynx (around the entrance into the larynx): Internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve”
15
Q
Odd One Out: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as part of the blood supply to the pharynx?
A. Ascending pharyngeal artery
B. Facial artery
C. Maxillary artery
D. Superior thyroid artery
A
Answer: D. Superior thyroid artery
Rationale: The notes list — “Ascending pharyngeal, tonsillar branches of facial arteries, and branches of maxillary and lingual arteries.”
Superior thyroid artery is not mentioned.
16
Q
Which nodes receive lymph from the pharynx via the retropharyngeal or paratracheal nodes?
A. Submandibular nodes
B. Axillary nodes
C. Deep cervical nodes
D. Preauricular nodes
A
Answer: C. Deep cervical nodes
Rationale: From the notes — “Indirectly via the retropharyngeal or paratracheal nodes into the deep cervical nodes”
17
Q
The nasal pharynx is supplied by the __________ nerve.
A
Answer: Maxillary (V2)
Rationale: “Nasal pharynx: Maxillary nerve (V2)”
18
Q
The oral pharynx is innervated by the __________ nerve.
A
Answer: Glossopharyngeal
Rationale: “Oral pharynx: Glossopharyngeal nerve”
19
Q
The laryngeal pharynx receives nerve supply from the __________ of the vagus nerve.
A
Answer: Internal laryngeal branch
Rationale: “Laryngeal pharynx (around the entrance into the larynx): Internal laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve”
20
Q
The pharynx receives blood from the ascending pharyngeal, tonsillar branches of the __________ arteries, and branches of the maxillary and lingual arteries.
A
Answer: Facial
Rationale: “Ascending pharyngeal, tonsillar branches of facial arteries, and branches of maxillary and lingual arteries”
21
Q
Lymph from the pharynx drains directly into the __________ or indirectly via retropharyngeal or paratracheal nodes.
A
Answer: Deep cervical lymph nodes
Rationale: “Directly into the deep cervical lymph nodes” and “Indirectly via the retropharyngeal or paratracheal nodes into the deep cervical nodes”
22
Q
Which nerve supplies sensation above the vocal cords?
A. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
C. Internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
D. External laryngeal branch of the vagus
A
Answer: C. Internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
Rationale: From your notes — “Above the vocal cords: internal laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus”
23
Q
What nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid?
A. Internal laryngeal nerve
B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
C. Glossopharyngeal nerve
D. External laryngeal nerve
A
Answer: B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Rationale: “All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve”
24
Q
The cricothyroid muscle receives its motor supply from which of the following?
A. Internal laryngeal branch of the vagus
B. Recurrent laryngeal nerve
C. External laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
D. Hypoglossal nerve
A
Answer: C. External laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus
Rationale: “The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus”
25
Odd One Out: Which artery is NOT mentioned as part of the laryngeal blood supply?
A. Superior thyroid artery
B. Inferior thyroid artery
C. Maxillary artery
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Maxillary artery
Rationale: Only the “superior thyroid artery” and “inferior thyroid artery” are mentioned in your notes.
26
Lymph from the larynx drains into which group of nodes?
A. Submental group
B. Parotid group
C. Deep cervical group
D. Retropharyngeal group
Answer: C. Deep cervical group
Rationale: “The lymph vessels drain into the deep cervical group of nodes.”
27
Sensation below the vocal cords is provided by the __________.
Answer: Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Rationale: “Below the level of the vocal cords: recurrent laryngeal nerve”
28
The __________ laryngeal branch of the __________ thyroid artery supplies the upper half of the larynx.
Answer: Superior; superior
Rationale: “Upper half of the larynx: superior laryngeal branch of the superior thyroid artery”
29
The inferior laryngeal branch of the __________ thyroid artery supplies the lower half of the larynx.
Answer: Inferior
Rationale: “Lower half of the larynx: inferior laryngeal branch of the inferior thyroid artery”
30
The __________ laryngeal nerve supplies all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid.
Answer: Recurrent
Rationale: “All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid muscle are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve”
31
The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the __________ branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus.
Answer: External
Rationale: “The cricothyroid muscle is supplied by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus”
32
The blood supply is mainly derived from which arteries?
A. Superior thyroid arteries
B. Inferior thyroid arteries
C. Subclavian arteries
D. External carotid arteries
Answer: B. Inferior thyroid arteries
Rationale:
From your notes — "The blood supply is derived mainly from the inferior thyroid arteries."
33
The nerve supply is from which branch of the vagus nerve?
A. Superior laryngeal branch
B. Auricular branch
C. Recurrent branch
D. Pharyngeal branch
Answer: C. Recurrent branch
Rationale:
From your notes — "The nerve supply is from the recurrent branch of the vagus and the sympathetic trunks or chain."
34
Which structures also contribute to the nerve supply along with the vagus nerve?
A. Cervical plexus
B. Brachial plexus
C. Sympathetic trunks or chain
D. Hypoglossal nerve
Answer: C. Sympathetic trunks or chain
Rationale:
From your notes — "The nerve supply is from the recurrent branch of the vagus and the sympathetic trunks or chain."
35
Lymph vessels drain into which lymph nodes?
A. Deep cervical lymph nodes
B. Submental lymph nodes
C. Pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes
D. Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
Answer: C. Pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes
Rationale:
From your notes — "The lymph vessels drain into the pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes."
36
The blood supply is derived mainly from the __________ arteries.
Answer: Inferior thyroid
Rationale:
From your notes — "The blood supply is derived mainly from the inferior thyroid arteries."
37
The nerve supply is from the __________ branch of the vagus and the __________ trunks or chain.
Answer: Recurrent, Sympathetic
Rationale:
From your notes — "The nerve supply is from the recurrent branch of the vagus and the sympathetic trunks or chain."
38
The lymph vessels drain into the __________ and __________ lymph nodes.
Answer: Pretracheal, Paratracheal
Rationale:
From your notes — "The lymph vessels drain into the pretracheal and paratracheal lymph nodes."
39
The blood supply of the bronchi, connective tissue of the lungs, and visceral pleura is derived from which arteries? A. Pulmonary arteries
B. Bronchial arteries
C. Inferior thyroid arteries
D. Azygos arteries
Answer: B. Bronchial arteries
Rationale: From your notes — “The bronchi, the connective tissue of the lungs, and the visceral pleura receive their blood supply from the bronchial arteries”.
40
The bronchial arteries supplying the lungs are branches of the: A. Ascending aorta
B. Descending aorta
C. Pulmonary trunk
D. Subclavian artery
Answer: B. Descending aorta
Rationale: From your notes — “bronchial arteries which are branches of the descending aorta”.
41
Where does the lymph from the lungs drain first? A. Paratracheal nodes
B. Tracheobronchial nodes
C. Thoracic duct
D. Pretracheal nodes
Answer: B. Tracheobronchial nodes
Rationale: From your notes — “All the lymph from the lungs leave the hilum and drain into the tracheobronchial nodes”.
42
What forms the pulmonary plexus at the root of each lung? A. Sympathetic trunk and recurrent laryngeal nerve
B. Sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve
C. Sympathetic trunk only
D. Vagus nerve only
Answer: B. Sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve
Rationale: From your notes — “The plexus is formed from branches of the sympathetic trunk and receives parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve”.
43
Which blood vessels drain oxygenated blood from the alveolar capillaries?
A. Pulmonary arteries
B. Pulmonary veins
C. Bronchial veins
D. Azygos vein
Answer: B. Pulmonary veins
Rationale: From your notes — “The oxygenated blood leaving the alveolar capillaries drains into the tributaries of the pulmonary veins”.
44
The bronchi, connective tissue of the lungs, and visceral pleura receive their blood supply from the __________.
Answer: Bronchial arteries
Rationale: “The bronchi, the connective tissue of the lungs, and the visceral pleura receive their blood supply from the bronchial arteries”.
45
The bronchial arteries are branches of the __________.
Answer: Descending aorta
Rationale: “bronchial arteries which are branches of the descending aorta”.
46
The lymph from the lungs drains into the __________ nodes and then into the __________ trunks.
Answer: Tracheobronchial, Bronchomediastinal
Rationale: “leave the hilum and drain into the tracheobronchial nodes and then into the bronchomediastinal lymph trunks”.
47
The pulmonary plexus is formed by branches of the __________ and receives parasympathetic fibers from the __________ nerve.
Answer: Sympathetic trunk, Vagus
Rationale: “The plexus is formed from branches of the sympathetic trunk and receives parasympathetic fibers from the vagus nerve”.
48
Which artery supplies the lower teeth and their supporting structures?
A. Facial artery
B. Maxillary artery
C. Inferior alveolar artery
D. Superior alveolar artery
Answer: C. Inferior alveolar artery
Rationale: From your notes — "The inferior alveolar (dental) artery, a branch of the maxillary artery, enters the mandibular foramen... to supply the lower teeth, their supporting structures and the mandibular body."
49
Which arteries supply the upper jaw and teeth?
A. Inferior alveolar arteries
B. Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries
C. Lingual and facial arteries
D. Maxillary and mental arteries
Answer: B. Anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries
Rationale: From your notes — "The upper jaw is supplied by the anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries."
50
The periodontal ligaments are supplied by branches of which arteries?
A. Facial arteries
B. Alveolar arteries
C. Lingual arteries
D. Mental arteries
Answer: B. Alveolar arteries
Rationale: From your notes — "The periodontal ligaments are supplied by dental branches of alveolar arteries."
51
Which nerve supplies the lower jaw and its alveolar bone?
A. Buccal nerve
B. Superior alveolar nerve
C. Inferior alveolar nerve
D. Lingual nerve
Answer: C. Inferior alveolar nerve
Rationale: From your notes — "The lower jaw and its alveolar bone — largely supplied by the inferior alveolar nerve, with branches of the buccal nerve and lingual nerve."
52
Which nerves supply the upper teeth?
A. Inferior alveolar and lingual nerves
B. Greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
C. Buccal and lingual nerves only
D. Mental and lingual nerves
Answer: B. Greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves
Rationale: From your notes — "Upper teeth — Supplied by the superior alveolar nerves, anterior and posterior, the buccal nerve, the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves and the posterior superior alveolar nerves."
53
The lower teeth and supporting structures are supplied by the __________ artery.
Answer: Inferior alveolar
Rationale: "The inferior alveolar (dental) artery... to supply the lower teeth, their supporting structures and the mandibular body."
54
The upper jaw is supplied by the __________ and __________ superior alveolar arteries.
Answer: Anterior, Posterior
Rationale: "The upper jaw is supplied by the anterior and posterior superior alveolar arteries."
55
The periodontal ligaments are supplied by dental branches of the __________ arteries.
Answer: Alveolar
Rationale: "The periodontal ligaments are supplied by dental branches of alveolar arteries."
56
The lower jaw and its alveolar bone are largely supplied by the __________ nerve.
Answer: Inferior alveolar
Rationale: "The lower jaw and its alveolar bone — largely supplied by the inferior alveolar nerve."
57
The greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves help supply the __________ teeth.
Answer: Upper
Rationale: "Upper teeth — Supplied by the superior alveolar nerves, anterior and posterior, the buccal nerve, the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves."
58
1. What is the main artery supplying the tongue?
A. Facial artery
B. External carotid artery
C. Lingual artery
D. Superior laryngeal artery
Answer: C. Lingual artery
Rationale: From your notes — "The main artery is the lingual branch of the external carotid..."
59
Which arteries supply the lingual root of the tongue?
A. Tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries
B. Superior laryngeal and inferior alveolar arteries
C. Internal carotid and facial arteries
D. Maxillary and mandibular arteries
Answer: A. Tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries
Rationale: From your notes — "The tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries also supply the lingual root."
60
Which arteries anastomose to supply the lingual muscles?
A. Ascending palatine and facial arteries
B. Superior laryngeal and inferior dorsal branches of the lingual artery
C. Facial and maxillary arteries
D. Ascending pharyngeal and maxillary arteries
Answer: B. Superior laryngeal and inferior dorsal branches of the lingual artery
Rationale: From your notes — "Lingual muscles are supplied from the rich epiglottic branches of the superior laryngeal artery anastomoses with the inferior dorsal branches of the lingual artery."
61
The anterior two-thirds of the tongue receive gustatory sensation from which cranial nerve?
A. CN V
B. CN VII
C. CN IX
D. CN X
Answer: B. CN VII
Rationale: From your notes — "Anterior 2/3 — CN VII (gustatory), facial and trigeminal nerves (general sensibility)."
62
The posterior third of the tongue is innervated mainly by which cranial nerves?
A. CN VII and CN V
B. CN IX and CN X
C. CN V and CN XII
D. CN VII and CN XII
Answer: B. CN IX and CN X
Rationale: From your notes — "Posterior 1/3 — CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve), CN X (vagus nerve)."
63
The main artery supplying the tongue is the __________ artery.
Answer: Lingual
Rationale: "The main artery is the lingual branch of the external carotid..."
64
The lingual root is supplied by the __________ and __________ branches of the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries.
Answer: Tonsillar, Ascending palatine
Rationale: "The tonsillar and ascending palatine branches of the facial and ascending pharyngeal arteries also supply the lingual root."
65
Lingual muscles are supplied by anastomoses between the __________ artery and the inferior dorsal branches of the lingual artery.
Answer: Superior laryngeal
Rationale: "Lingual muscles are supplied from the rich epiglottic branches of the superior laryngeal artery..."
66
Gustatory fibers for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue come from cranial nerve __________.
Answer: VII
Rationale: "Anterior 2/3 — CN VII (gustatory)..."
67
General sensation in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is carried by the __________ nerve.
Answer: Trigeminal (CN V)
Rationale: "Anterior 2/3 — facial and trigeminal nerves (general sensibility)."
68
Which artery supplies the upper esophageal sphincter and cervical esophagus?
A. Inferior thyroid artery
B. Superior thyroid artery
C. Bronchial arteries
D. Aortic esophageal arteries
Answer: A. Inferior thyroid artery
Rationale: From your notes — "The branches of the inferior thyroid artery provide arterial blood supply to the upper esophageal sphincter and cervical esophagus."
69
Which arteries supply the thoracic portion of the esophagus?
A. Bronchial arteries and superior thyroid arteries
B. Paired aortic esophageal arteries or terminal branches of bronchial arteries
C. Inferior thyroid and left gastric arteries
D. Left gastric and left phrenic arteries
Answer: B. Paired aortic esophageal arteries or terminal branches of bronchial arteries
Rationale: From your notes — "The paired aortic esophageal arteries or terminal branches of bronchial arteries supply the thoracic esophagus."
70
Which arteries supply the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the most distal segment of the esophagus?
A. Bronchial arteries and aortic arteries
B. Inferior thyroid arteries
C. Left gastric artery and a branch of the left phrenic artery
D. Superior thyroid arteries and left phrenic arteries
Answer: C. Left gastric artery and a branch of the left phrenic artery
Rationale: From your notes — "The left gastric artery and a branch of the left phrenic artery supply the LES and the most distal segment of the esophagus."
71
Which artery is the primary blood supply to the stomach, pancreas, and spleen?
A. Superior mesenteric artery
B. Inferior mesenteric artery
C. Celiac artery
D. Aortic artery
Answer: C. Celiac artery
Rationale: From your notes — "The celiac artery is the primary blood supply to the stomach, pancreas, and spleen."
72
Which arteries supply the large and small intestines?
A. Celiac and aortic arteries
B. Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
C. Celiac and superior mesenteric arteries
D. Inferior mesenteric and renal arteries
Answer: B. Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
Rationale: "The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries supply the large and small intestines."
73
Which splanchnic branch from the aorta carries the largest volume of cardiac output to the gut?
A. Celiac artery
B. Inferior mesenteric artery
C. Superior mesenteric artery
D. Renal artery
Answer: C. Superior mesenteric artery
Rationale: "The superior mesenteric artery is the largest of all the splanchnic branches from the aorta, carrying 10% of the cardiac output."
74
The superior mesenteric artery carries approximately __________% of the cardiac output.
Answer: 10
Rationale: "The superior mesenteric artery is the largest of all the splanchnic branches from the aorta, carrying 10% of the cardiac output."
75
Which arteries supply the stomach?
A. Right gastric and right epiploic arteries
B. Left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries
C. Gastric artery (from the celiac trunk)
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Rationale: "The arterial supply comes from the gastric artery (from the celiac artery), right gastric and right epiploic (from the common hepatic), and left gastroepiploic and short gastric (from the splenic) artery."
76
Into which veins do the larger veins of the stomach ultimately drain?
A. Pulmonary and azygos veins
B. Splenic and superior mesenteric veins
C. Aortic veins
D. Jugular veins
Answer: B. Splenic and superior mesenteric veins
Rationale: "The larger veins generally accompany main arteries to their ultimate drainage into the splenic and superior mesenteric veins."
77
What is the sympathetic nerve supply to the stomach mainly derived from?
A. Hepatic plexus
B. Coeliac plexus
C. Renal plexus
D. Inferior mesenteric plexus
Answer: B. Coeliac plexus
Rationale: "Sympathetic supply is mainly from the coeliac plexus..."
78
Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from which nerve?
A. Glossopharyngeal nerve
B. Hypoglossal nerve
C. Phrenic nerve
D. Vagus nerve
Answer: D. Vagus nerve
Rationale: "Parasympathetic supply is from the vagus nerve."
79
The __________ artery is a direct branch of the coeliac artery supplying the stomach.
Answer: Gastric
Rationale: "The gastric artery (directly from the coeliac artery)."
80
The submucosal plexus is responsible for supplying the __________ of the stomach.
Answer: Mucosa
Rationale: "This submucosal plexus, from which the mucosa is supplied..."
81
Larger veins from the stomach drain into the __________ and __________ veins.
Answer: Splenic; superior mesenteric
Rationale: "Drainage into the splenic and superior mesenteric veins."
82
Sympathetic fibers that supply the stomach are mainly __________ in function to the gastric blood vessels.
Answer: Vasomotor
Rationale: "The sympathetic nerve supply is vasomotor to the gastric blood vessels."
83
Vagal stimulation of the stomach evokes a secretion rich in __________ and increases gastric __________.
Answer: Pepsin; motility
Rationale: "Vagal stimulation evokes a secretion rich in pepsin and increases gastric motility."
84
Correct flow of blood from the portal vein through the liver is:
Answer:
Portal vein → Interlobar veins → Conducting veins → Interlobular veins → Terminal portal venules → Inlet venules → Sinusoids → Central vein → Sublobular veins → Collecting veins → Hepatic veins → Inferior vena cava
85
Flow of arterial blood through the hepatic artery:
Answer:
Hepatic artery → Interlobar arteries → Interlobular arteries → Hepatic arterioles → Peribiliary plexus → Sinusoids
86
Blood flow through the sinusoids:
Answer:
Inlet venules + branches of hepatic arterioles → Sinusoids → Central vein → Sublobular veins → Collecting veins → Hepatic veins → Inferior vena cava
87
What is the principal afferent blood supply of the liver?
A. Hepatic artery
B. Splenic vein
C. Portal vein
D. Inferior vena cava
Answer: C. Portal vein
Rationale: "Its principal afferent blood supply is via the portal vein..
88
The branches of the portal vein at the porta hepatis are called:
A. Interlobar veins
B. Hepatic venules
C. Central veins
D. Perilobular venules
Answer: A. Interlobar veins
Rationale: "Entering the porta hepatis, it divides into interlobar veins."
89
Which vessels empty directly into the sinusoids?
A. Terminal portal venules
B. Peribiliary plexus vessels
C. Hepatic arterioles
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Rationale: "Short inlet venules, lateral branches of arterioles, and efferent vessels from peribiliary plexus empty into the sinusoids."
90
What structure surrounds the bile ductules and was formerly thought to drain into portal venules?
A. Peribiliary plexus
B. Sublobular veins
C. Hepatic venules
D. Conducting veins
Answer: A. Peribiliary plexus
Rationale: "This peribiliary or periductal plexus..."
91
Blood finally exits the liver through:
A. Inferior mesenteric vein
B. Splenic vein
C. Hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava
D. Superior mesenteric vein
Answer: C. Hepatic veins into the inferior vena cava
Rationale: "Large hepatic veins emerge from the porta hepatis and join the inferior vena cava."
92
The __________ vein carries poorly oxygenated blood from the intestine, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.
Answer: Portal
93
Within the classical lobule, the sinusoids drain into the __________ vein.
Answer: Central
94
The thin-walled small veins that course along the boundary between classical lobules are called __________.
Answer: Terminal portal venules or perilobular venules
95
The capillary network surrounding bile ductules is called the __________ plexus.
Answer: Peribiliary or periductal
96
After passing through the central vein, blood flows into __________ veins and then into collecting veins.
Answer: Sublobular
97
Which of the following arteries does NOT contribute to the blood supply of the pancreas?
A. Splenic artery
B. Hepatic artery
C. Superior mesenteric artery
D. Renal artery
Answer: D. Renal artery
Rationale: From your notes — “The pancreas receives its blood supply from numerous branches of the splenic artery and from pancreaticoduodenal branches of the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries.”
98
What type of capillary endothelium is found in the exocrine pancreas?
A. Discontinuous
B. Fenestrated
C. Continuous
D. Sinusoidal
Answer: C. Continuous
Rationale: “The walls of the capillaries, in the exocrine pancreas, have a continuous endothelium”
99
The fenestrated capillaries in the pancreas are found in which part?
A. Ducts
B. Islets of the endocrine pancreas
C. Acini
D. Septa
Answer: B. Islets of the endocrine pancreas
Rationale: “The capillaries of the islets of the endocrine pancreas are fenestrated.”
100
Which of the following veins is NOT involved in pancreatic venous drainage?
A. Portal vein
B. Superior mesenteric vein
C. Splenic vein
D. Inferior vena cava
Answer: D. Inferior vena cava
Rationale: “The capillary bed of the gland is drained by veins that join the portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins.”
101
What is the destination of lymphatic drainage from the pancreas?
A. Hepatic lymph nodes
B. Subdiaphragmatic lymph nodes
C. Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
D. Thoracic duct
Answer: C. Pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes
Rationale: “Lymphatics that follow the course of the blood vessels to reach pancreaticosplenic lymph nodes distributed along the upper border of the gland.”
102
The nerve supply to the pancreas is provided by which of the following?
A. Vagus and splanchnic nerves
B. Phrenic and vagus nerves
C. Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves
D. Hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves
Answer: A. Vagus and splanchnic nerves
Rationale: “The nerve supply is from the vagus and splanchnic nerves via the splenic nerve plexus.”
103
The pancreas receives its arterial blood supply from the __________ artery and the pancreaticoduodenal branches of the __________ and __________ arteries.
Answer: splenic; hepatic; superior mesenteric
Rationale: “The pancreas receives its blood supply from numerous branches of the splenic artery and from pancreaticoduodenal branches of the hepatic and superior mesenteric arteries.”
104
The capillaries in the islets of the endocrine pancreas are __________, while those in the exocrine pancreas are __________.
Answer: fenestrated; continuous
Rationale: “The capillaries of the islets of the endocrine pancreas are fenestrated” and “the walls of the capillaries, in the exocrine pancreas, have a continuous endothelium.”
105
The pancreatic veins drain into the __________, __________, and __________ veins.
Answer: portal; splenic; superior mesenteric
Rationale: “Drained by veins that join the portal, splenic, and superior mesenteric veins.”
106
The lymphatic capillaries in the pancreas end blindly among the __________.
Answer: acini
Rationale: “There are lymphatic capillaries that end blindly among the acini”
107
The nerve supply of the pancreas comes from the __________ and __________ nerves via the __________ nerve plexus.
Answer: vagus; splanchnic; splenic
Rationale: “The nerve supply is from the vagus and splanchnic nerves via the splenic nerve plexus.”
108
What is the principal artery supplying the palatine tonsils?
A. Ascending pharyngeal artery
B. Tonsillar artery
C. Lingual artery
D. Maxillary artery
Answer: B. Tonsillar artery
Rationale: “The principal artery is the tonsillar artery”
109
The tonsillar artery is a branch of which major artery?
A. Internal carotid artery
B. External carotid artery
C. Vertebral artery
D. Subclavian artery
Answer: B. External carotid artery
Rationale: “The arterial blood supply of the palatine tonsils is derived from the branches of the external carotid artery.”
110
Which of the following best describes the venous drainage of the palatine tonsils?
A. Pharyngeal venous plexus
B. Jugular vein
C. Paratonsillar veins
D. Facial vein
Answer: C. Paratonsillar veins
Rationale: “Its veins are the paratonsillar veins.”
111
Which nerves supply the palatine tonsils?
A. Facial and vagus nerves
B. Trigeminal (maxillary) and glossopharyngeal nerves
C. Hypoglossal and lingual nerves
D. Vagus and spinal accessory nerves
Answer: B. Trigeminal (maxillary) and glossopharyngeal nerves
Rationale: “Its nerve supply comes from the tonsillar branches of the trigeminal (maxillary) nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerves.”
112
The tonsillar artery may also arise from which of the following arteries aside from the facial artery?
A. Lingual artery
B. Ascending palatine artery
C. Superior thyroid artery
D. Inferior thyroid artery
Answer: B. Ascending palatine artery
Rationale: “The tonsillar artery, which is a branch of the facial or sometimes the ascending palatine artery.”
113
The arterial blood supply of the palatine tonsils is derived from branches of the __________.
Answer: external carotid artery
Rationale: “The arterial blood supply of the palatine tonsils is derived from the branches of the external carotid artery.”
114
The principal artery supplying the palatine tonsils is the __________ artery.
Answer: tonsillar
Rationale: “The principal artery is the tonsillar artery”
115
Venous drainage of the palatine tonsils occurs via the __________ veins.
Answer: paratonsillar
Rationale: “Its veins are the paratonsillar veins.”
116
The tonsillar branches of the __________ (maxillary) and __________ nerves supply the palatine tonsils.
Answer: trigeminal; glossopharyngeal
Rationale: “Its nerve supply comes from the tonsillar branches of the trigeminal (maxillary) nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerves.”
117
Which of the following arteries is NOT involved in the blood supply of the palate?
A. Greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery
B. Ascending palatine branch of the facial artery
C. Palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery
D. Superior thyroid artery
Answer: D. Superior thyroid artery
Rationale: “The arteries of the palate are greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery.”
118
Which of the following nerves provides sensory innervation to the palate?
A. Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve
C. Nasopalatine branch of the maxillary nerve
D. Lingual nerve
Answer: C. Nasopalatine branch of the maxillary nerve
Rationale: “The sensory nerves ensue from the greater and lesser palatine and nasopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve.”
119
What structure receives venous drainage from the palate?
A. Facial vein
B. Internal jugular vein
C. Pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses
D. Retromandibular vein
Answer: C. Pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses
Rationale: “The veins drain largely to the pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses.”
120
Which cranial nerve innervates the parotid gland?
A. Facial nerve (CN VII)
B. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
C. Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
D. Vagus nerve (CN X)
Answer: B. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Rationale: “Nerve supply: CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)”
121
What is the arterial blood supply to the submandibular gland?
A. External carotid artery
B. Submental artery
C. Lingual and facial arteries
D. Sublingual and lingual arteries
Answer: C. Lingual and facial arteries
Rationale: “The arteries are branches of the facial and lingual arteries”
122
Which of the following salivary glands is located beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth close to the midline?
A. Parotid gland
B. Submandibular gland
C. Sublingual gland
D. Buccal gland
Answer: C. Sublingual gland
Rationale: “Lies beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth close to the midline.”
123
Which nerve supplies both the submandibular and sublingual glands?
A. Glossopharyngeal nerve
B. Hypoglossal nerve
C. Trigeminal nerve
D. Facial nerve
Answer: D. Facial nerve
Rationale:
Submandibular gland: “Nerve supply: CN VII (facial nerve)”
Sublingual gland: “Nerve supply: CN VII (facial nerve)”
124
The veins of the palate drain largely to the __________ and __________ plexuses.
Answer: pterygoid; tonsillar
Rationale: “The veins drain largely to the pterygoid and tonsillar plexuses.”
125
The sensory nerves of the palate come from the greater and lesser __________ and __________ branches of the maxillary nerve.
Answer: palatine; nasopalatine
Rationale: “The sensory nerves ensue from the greater and lesser palatine and nasopalatine branches of the maxillary nerve.”
126
The nerve supply of the parotid gland is the __________ nerve (CN IX).
Answer: glossopharyngeal
Rationale: “Nerve supply: CN IX (Glossopharyngeal nerve)”
127
The arterial supply to the sublingual gland comes from the __________ and __________ arteries.
Answer: sublingual; submental
Rationale: “The arterial supply is from the sublingual and submental arteries”
128
The submandibular gland lies partly under the body of the __________ and has a superficial and deep part
Answer: mandible
Rationale: “Lies partly under cover of the body of the mandible and made up of a large superficial part and a small deep part...”
