Blood Parasites Flashcards
Formerly known as gall sickness
Anaplasmosis
Family and genus of anaplasmosis
F - anaplasmataceae
G - anaplasma
What causes bovine anaplasma? What is it called if it has an appendage?
Cause - Anaplasma marginale
With appendage - Anaplasma caudatum
Type of anaplasma which infects sheep, goat, and deer.
A. ovis
Vector of bovine anaplasma in Australia and Africa. And USA
Australia and Africa - Rhipecephalus boophilus
USA - Rhipecephalus dermacentor
(of anaplasmosis) Chronically infected cattle that are generally immune to further clinical disease may relapse to anaplasmosis when they are given this type of drug and undergo a specific type of surgery
Cortecosteroids (immunosuppresive drugs) and splenectomy.
Anaplasmosis is often fatal or severe in what age group of cattle?
> 2-yr-old (or old cattle)
A blood parasite that causes progressive anemia due to extravascular destruction of infected and uninfected erythrocytes.
Anaplasma
What is the rarest but most severe stage of anaplasmosis? This stage is (rarely) followed after the prepatent period. (What is the prepatent period of anaplasmosis?)
Peracute
15-36 days, but can last to 100 days
Which breed of cattle shows greater resistance to anaplasmosis?
Bos indicus vs Bos taurus
B. indicus
General lesions of cattle that die from anaplasmosis.
What causes these lesions?
Anemic and jaundiced. Caused by erythrophagocytosis
Spleen lesion of cattle with anaplasmosis
Enlarged and soft with prominent follicles.
Color of liver of infected cattle positive with anaplasmosis
Mottled and yellow-orange
Gallbladder lesion of anaplamosis positive cattle
Distended with thick green or brown bile.
Hepatic and mediastinun lesion of cattle with anaplasmosis
Organs appear brown. With serrous effusions, edema, petechial hemorrhages in the epi and endocardium.
Causative agents of tick fever.
Anaplasma marginale
Babesia bovis
Babesia bigemina
Stain use to distinguish anaplasmosis from babesiosis and other conditions that resulted in anemia and jaundice such as leptospirosis and theileriosis. And also the confirmatory test for the two diseases.
Giemsa Stain
Differentiate the location of (Blue-purple) inclusions of A centrale and A marginale of infected erythrocytes.
Centrale - center
Marginale - toward the margin
A kind of abnormal red blood cell morphology which is frequently present in anaplasmosis characterized by small evenly spaced thorny projections.
Echinocytes (hedgehog or eea urchin)
Drug of choice for anaplasmosis
Tetracyclines and imidocarbs.
Dosage of single IM injection of xytetracycline for anaplasmosis.
20mg/kg.
Drug and dose of cattle positive with chronic anaplasmosis
IM oxytetracycline, 20mg/kg, twice with 1-wk interval
Why is imidocarb frowned upon as compared to tetracycline in treatment for anaplasmosis?
Imidocarb is a suspected carcinogen.
Aside from oxytetracucline, what is the second most effective drug against anaplasmosis? Dose?
Imidocarb
As dihydrochloride salt - 1m5mg/kg, SC
As imidocarb propionate - 3mg/kg
For elimination of carrier state
2 injections, 5 mg/kg, IM/SC dihydrochloride salt
Two important babesia spp in cattle
B. bigemina and B. bovis
Main vector of b. bigemina and b. bovis
1-host Rhipecephalus boophilus
Mode of transmission of babesia
Transovarial
Difference bet. B. bigemina and B. bovis innterms of tranmission and virulence
B. bigemina has a higher transmission
But B. bovis is more virulent.
Pathogenic difference bet. Babesia bigemina and bovis
Bigemina - directly targets erythrocyte destruction
Bovis - hypotensive shock syndrome, generalized nonspecific inflammation, coagulation disturbance and erythrocytic stasis in capillaries.
Babesia spp which can cause CNS involvement due to adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes in brain capillaries.
B. bovis.
Hemoglobinuria and hemoglobinemia occur in the early stage of babesiosis.
False. It occurs in the final stage.
Aside from anemia snd jaundice, what are gross lessions of B. bovis.l in liver, spleen, kidney, and gallbladder.
Liver - swollen with enlarged gallbladder
Spleen - enlarged and friable
Kidney - dark color
Hemoglobinuria is most commonly seen in animals infected with babesia spp,
Bigemina or Bovis?
Bigemina
A babesia spp where the parasitic pairs are at an obtuse angle to each other and measure 1-1.5 x 0.5-1micrometer
B. Bovis
A babesia spp where the parasitic pairs are at an acute angle to each other and measure 3-3.5 x 1-1.5 micrometer
Drug of choice for treating babesiosis in cattle.
Imidocarb and diminazene aceturate.
Imidocarb - SC, 1.2 mg/kg
Diminazene - IM, 3.5 mg/kg
Babesia spp that can infect humans.
Microti and Divergens
Known Babesia spp that can infect temperate-zoned cattle.
B. divergens and B. major
What transmits B major and B divergens?
M - Haemaphysalis punctata
D - Ixodes ricinus
In horses, this type of blood parasite is formerly known as Babesia.
Theileria
Parasite spp that causes babesia in horses.
Theleria equi or B caballi
What transmits T equi and B caballi?
Ticks of the genera Dermacentor and Rhipicephalus
Intrauterine transmission of babesia in horses is common
T
Babesia spp that infects goats and sheep.
B motasi - Rhipicephalus bursa
B ovis - Haemaphysalis spp
Babesia spp that infects pigs.
B traumatmanni
B perroncitoni
Babesia spp that infects dogs and cats.
B canis - dermacentoe reticularis
B vogeli - rhipicephalus sanguineus
B rossi - haemaphysalis leachi
Babesia spp that infects dogs that are not readily treated with normal babesiacides. (How about for cats)
B gibsoni in dogs
B felis in cats (primaquine phosphate, 0.5mg/kg, IM, twice with 24hr interval is reported to be effective)
Lone star tick in felines that carries cytauxzoon felis
Amblyomma americanum
