ANEMIA Flashcards
Differentiate nonregenerative anemia and regenerative anemia.
Regenerative - bone marrow responds appropriately to the body’s demand of RBC
Nonregenerative - bone marrow cannot respond appropriately to the body’s demand of RBC
What happens when the body loses a third of its blood?
Shock or death
How is splenomegaly related to anemia?
When an organ is abnormally enlarged, it tends to be overactive. In the case of splenomegaly, the spleen tends to trap and remove too many cells from circulation. It traps and removes more cells than what the body can normally produce resulting in cell deficiency.
Formula for “corrected reticulocyte %”
(observed retoculocyte percentage) PCV of patient/Normal PCV for the specie
what type of anemia is expressed when the result shows macrocytosis? And what lab test should be performed to measure macrocytosis?
Macrocytosis is often displayed when an animal has regenerative anemia.
CBC is performed to measure the MCV of an animal. (Increased MCV=macrocytosis)
What is the hallmark for iron-deficiency anemia?
Microcytosis (decrease in MCV)
What is MCHC? And what is normochromic and hypochromic?
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration - measures the hemoglobin concentration for each RBC g/dL
Normochromic - normal MCHC
Hypochromic - low MCHC
What is the histologic morphology of basophils when an animal is exposed to too much lead?
Basophilic stippling.
An oxidative injury which causes RBC’s to breakdown
Heinz Body formation
What are spherocytes and schistocytes?
Morphologic abnormality of cells. In RBC’s, these are often observed when an animal is showcasing signs of anemia.
Spherocytes - sphere shaped rbc that breakdown easily
Schistocytes - fragmented rbc primarily caused by mechanical damage caused by fibrin strands on the endothelium
What is the absolute reticulocyte count in cats and dogs to be considered regenerative anemia?
D - >60k microliter
C - >50k microliter
A corrected reticulocyte percentage which indicates regenerative anemia.
> 1%
Ecchymosis and petechiaetions are the hallmark of what hematologic abnormality?
Thrombocytopathy
Confirmatory test to diagnose autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Coombs test
First line of treatment for AIHA
Cortecosteroids
Biopsy or Aspirates
Evaluates the architecture and degree of cellularity of cells. Cytologic evaluation.
Evaluates cellular morphology. Histopathologic evaluation
1st - b
2nd a
Test for unexplained nonregenerative anemia
Bone marrow biopsy and or aspirate
Hallmark of iron deficiency anemia
Hypochromic and microcytosis
Likely cause of microcytosis and hypochromia in young animals? In old animals?
Y - parasitism (intestinal or tick and flea)
O - GI ulcers or tumor
Define
Hemoglobinuria
Hemoglobinemia
Hemoglobinuria - presence of hemoglobin in urine
Hemoglobinemia - saturation of hemoglobin in the blood plasma due to over saturation of haptoglobin with hemoglobin dimers
If haptoglobin is saturated, hemoglobin dimers accumulate in the plasma (hemoglobinemia) and pass through the glomerulus where they are resorbed and degraded by proximal tubule cells or excreted in the urine (hemoglobinuria).
Hematologic hallmarks of IMHA
Positive Coomb’s test, hyperbellirubinemia, spherocytosis, regenerative anemia, and autoagglutination
Test to diagnose anti-RBC antibody
Flow cytometry. (88-100% specific for diagnosing anti-rbc antibody)
Drug of choice for IMHA indl dogs and cats (with dosage)
Prednisone, bid, 2mg/kg
Azathioprine, 5mg/kg (replace with chlorambucil for cats)
Why is aspirin added to drug regimen when prednisone and azathioprine are medicated?
Low dose of aspirin, 0.5mg/kg/day can improve times in dogs treated with prednisone and azathioprine. Okus, pred and azat can cause platelet aggregation which may cause thromboembolism, aspirin helps in platelet decumulation.
Drug of choice for acute hemolytic crisis.
Human prep, IVIG (0.5-1.5mg/kg as a single dose)
Cyclosporine (10mg/kg/day)
Platelet count concentration of dogs which should be treated with heparin and antiplatelet therapy.
> 40k microliter
Test to measure heparin therapy
APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)
Define Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Immune mediated hemolytic disease where the mare produces antibodies against the foals’s rbc and transfer these antibodies through colustrun
Animals which are highly predisposed in Neonatal Isoerythrolysis.
Mules and thoroughbred horses.
(Horses, mules, cattle, pigs and cats, rarely dogs)
How is Neonatal Isoerythrolysis confirmed?
Screening maternal serum, plasma, or colustrum against paternal or neonatal RBCs. If agglutination is present, then the diagnosis is confirmed.