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Medical Terminology A > Blood & Immunity > Flashcards

Blood & Immunity Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

two categories of leukocytes

A

granulocytes & agranulocytes

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2
Q

three types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils

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3
Q

two types of agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes & monocytes

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4
Q

agranulocytes

A

leukocytes that stain without small granules in their cytoplasm, includes lymphocytes & monocytes

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5
Q

granulocytes

A

leukocytes that stain with small granules in their cytoplasm, includes eosinophils, neutrophils & basophils

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6
Q

albumin

A

simple blood protein

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7
Q

antibody

A

specific protein produced by the body to interact with specific antigens

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8
Q

antigen

A

substance that provokes an immune response (e.g. antibody formation)

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9
Q

B cell

A

immune cell produced in bone which produces antibodies

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10
Q

band cell

A

immature neutrophils whose nuclei is shaped like a band

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11
Q

basophil

A

granulocyte which stains with basic dyes, active in allergic reactions

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12
Q

eosinophil

A

granulocyte which stains with acidic dyes, active in allergic reactions and paralytic defences

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13
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytic granulocyte which stains with acidic or basic dyes

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14
Q

coagulation

A

blood clotting, aka

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15
Q

cross-matching

A

testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood by use of specific serums to see if there is an immune reaction, done in preparation for transfusion or transplants

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16
Q

electrolyte

A

salts that diffuse in bodily fuids

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17
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by the kidneys which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

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18
Q

fibrin

A

clot-forming protein

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19
Q

fibrinogen

A

inactive precursor of fibrin

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20
Q

gamma globulin

A

fraction of blood plasma that contains antibodies

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21
Q

hemostasis

A

stoppage of bleeding

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22
Q

immunity

A

state of being protected against a specific disease

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23
Q

immunoglobulin

A

antibody, aka

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24
Q

lymphocyte

A

agranulocyte which is found in blood and lymph for immune function (e.g. T cells & B cells)

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25
Q

megakaryocyte

A

releases platelets (large bone marrow cell)

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26
Q

macrophage

A

phagocytic cell found in tissue (mature monocyte)

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27
Q

monocyte

A

phagocytic agranulocyte, largest form of WBC

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28
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing of foreign material by a WBC

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29
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood

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30
Q

plasma cell

A

produces antibodies (mature form of a B cell, lymphocyte)

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31
Q

platelet

A

formed element of blood which is active in clotting, part of a megakaryocyte

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32
Q

platelet, aka

A

thrombocyte, aka

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33
Q

serum

A

fraction of plasma which remains after blood coagulation (i.e. plasma without all its clotting factors)

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34
Q

T cell

A

immune cell which matures in the thymus gland which produces attacks foreign cells directly

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35
Q

-emia, -hemia

A

Suffix: condition of the blood

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36
Q

-penia

A

Suffix: decrease in or deficiency in blood

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37
Q

-poiesis

A

Suffix: formation or production of blood

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38
Q

myel/o

A

Root: bone marrow

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39
Q

thromb/o

A

Root: blood clot

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40
Q

thrombocyt/o

A

Root: platelet, thrombocyte

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41
Q

azot/o

A

Root: nitrogenous compounds

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42
Q

calc/i

A

Root: calcium

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43
Q

ferr/o/i

A

Root: iron

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44
Q

sider/o

A

iron

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45
Q

kali

A

Root: ptoassium

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46
Q

natri

A

Root: sodium

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47
Q

ox/y

A

Root: oxygen

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48
Q

differential count

A

relative percentage of the different types of WBC’s within a blood sample

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49
Q

hematocrit

A

rellative percentage of packed RBC’s within a given volume of blood

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50
Q

packed cell volume, aka

A

hematocrit, aka

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51
Q

mean corpuscular volume

A

volume of an average RBC

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52
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin

A

average weight of hemoglobin in RBC’s

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53
Q

mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A

average concentration of hemoglobin in RBC’s

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54
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

rate of settling of erythrocytes per unit of time, used to detect infection or inflammation

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55
Q

complete blood count

A

series of tests including cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and cell volume measurements

56
Q

activated partial thromboplastin time

A

measures time required for clot formation, but more sensitive

57
Q

bleeding time

A

measures capacity of platelets to stop bleeding after a standardized skin incision

58
Q

partial thromboplastin time

A

measures time required for clot formation

59
Q

prothrombin time

A

indirectly measures prothrombin to monitor anticoagulation therapy

60
Q

thrombin clotting time

A

measures time required for clot formation

61
Q

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

failure of immune system caused by HIV

62
Q

allergen

A

substance which promotes an allergic response

63
Q

allergy

A

hypersensitive immune response

64
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

exaggerated allergic reaction, causes circulatory & respiratory distress which can lead to death

65
Q

anemia

A

hemoglobin deficiency

66
Q

angioedema

A

localized edema with large hives that involve deeper layers of the the skin and subcutaneous tissue

67
Q

aplastic anemia

A

anemia caused deficient blood cell production by bone marrow

68
Q

pancytopenia

A

deficiency in red blood cell production

69
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues

70
Q

Cooley anemia

A

form of hereditary anemia where hemoglobin forms abnormally

71
Q

delayed hypersensitivity reaction

A

allergic reaction which takes at least 12 hours to develop

72
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels

73
Q

ecchymosis

A

bruise, aka

74
Q

hemophilia

A

hereditary blood disease wherein lack of clotting factor leads to abnormal bleeding

75
Q

human immunodefiency virus

A

virus that causes AIDS

76
Q

Hodgkin disease

A

presence of giant cells within and enlargement of lymph nodes, treatable with radiation & chemotherapy

77
Q

hypersensitivity

A

allergic response to a substance that is harmless to most people

78
Q

immunodeficiency

A

congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease

79
Q

intrinsic factor

A

lack of this substance produced in the stomach which helps absorb vit B12 causes a lack of blood cell productive

80
Q

leukemia

A

malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells affecting the bone marrow or lymphoid tissues

81
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

lymph node disease

82
Q

multiple myeloma

A

tumour of the blood forming tissue in marrow

83
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in the tissues

84
Q

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

A

widespread malignant lymphadenoma involving lymphocytes

85
Q

Philadelphia chromosome

A

abnormal chromosome found in persons with chronic granulocytic myelegenous leukemia

86
Q

pernicious anemia

A

anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor produced by the stomach (which absorbs the B12 necessary for RBC production)

87
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint bruises within the skin or mucous membrane

88
Q

purpura

A

hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, organs and other tissues caused by a deficiency of platelets

89
Q

sideroblastic anemia

A

anemia caused by the precipitation of iron from RBC’s, an error in the manufacture of hemoglobin

90
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

autoimmune disease causes exocrine glands to malfunction (secretion of tears, saliva, other bodily fluids)

91
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary disorder wherein RBCs become misshapen as they release their oxygen, due to abnormal hemoglobin, and block blood flow

92
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

93
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

autoimmune disease involving inflammation of the connective tissue in multiple organs. Symptoms are light sensitivity and a butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks.

94
Q

systemic sclerosis, aka

A

scleroderma, aka

95
Q

systemic sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease involving inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis of the connective tissue in multiple organs (causes hardening of the skin)

96
Q

scleroderma

A

autoimmune disease involving inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis of the connective tissue (causes hardening of the skin)

97
Q

thalassemia

A

group of hereditary anemias found in those of Mediterranean descent

98
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

platelet deficiency

99
Q

urticaria

A

hives (round, raised, itchy eruptions of the skin)

100
Q

epinephrine

A

stimulant/hormone produced by adrenal glands and sympathetic nervous system which activates stress response systems in the body

101
Q

adrenaline

A

stimulant/hormone produced by adrenal glands and sympathetic nervous system which activates stress response systems in the body

102
Q

epinephrine is used to treat what conditions?

A

used to treat shock and severe allergic reactions

103
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature erythrocytes/RBC’s

104
Q

reticulocyte counts

A

test used to determine the rate of new erythrocyte/RBC formation

105
Q

agglutination

A

antibodies causing clumping of blood cells or other elements

106
Q

bilirubin

A

pigment which is added to bile by the liver, once derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin

107
Q

complement

A

plasma enzymes that interact with antibodies

108
Q

corpuscle

A

small mass, body, or cell

109
Q

hemopoietic stem cell

A

primitive bone marrow cells that can differentiate into all variety of blood cells

110
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulant found throughout the body

111
Q

plasmin

A

an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

112
Q

fibrinolysin, aka

A

plasmin, aka

113
Q

fibrinolysin

A

an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

114
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation

115
Q

agranulocytosis

A

a condition where a decrease in granulocytic leukocytes is observed

116
Q

agranulocytosis, aka

A

granulocytopenia, aka

117
Q

granulocytopenia

A

a condition where a decrease in granulocytic leukocytes is observed

118
Q

erythrocytosis

A

a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC’s is observed

119
Q

graft-versus-host reaction

A

immunologic response of transplanted lymphocytes against the host, especially common during bone marrow transplants

120
Q

hematoma

A

localized collection of blood or clotting caused by a break in a blood vessel

121
Q

hemosiderosis

A

a condition involving iron-containing pigments deposit in the liver and spleen

122
Q

idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura

A

clotting disorder of unknown cause involving the destruction of platelets following a viral infection, and causing hemorrhaging of the skin and mucous membranes

123
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A

acute infectious viral disease characterized by weakness, fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes

124
Q

hairy-cell leukemia

A

form of leukemia in which cells have filaments

125
Q

lymphocytosis

A

a condition where an increase in lymphocytes is observed

126
Q

myelodysplastic syndrome

A

bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. Preleukemia prodome

127
Q

neutropenia

A

a condition where a decrease in neutrophils is observed

128
Q

pancytopenia

A

a condition involving an indiscriminate decrease in all blood cells

129
Q

polycythemia

A

a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC’s is observed

130
Q

polycythemia, aka

A

erythrocytosis, aka

131
Q

polycythemia vera

A

a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC’s from overproduction in bone marrow causes thrombosis and hemorrhaging

132
Q

septicemia

A

presence of microorganisms in the blood

133
Q

spherocytic anemia

A

hereditary anemia wherein RBC’s are spherical instead of disc-shaped, and rupture excessively

134
Q

thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

A

clotting disorder wherein multiple clots form within blood vessels, often fatal

135
Q

electrophoresis

A

separation of components of a liquid (blood) by applying an electrical field

Medical Terminology A (7 decks)

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