Blood & Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
two categories of leukocytes
A
granulocytes & agranulocytes
2
Q
three types of granulocytes
A
neutrophils, eosinophils & basophils
3
Q
two types of agranulocytes
A
lymphocytes & monocytes
4
Q
agranulocytes
A
leukocytes that stain without small granules in their cytoplasm, includes lymphocytes & monocytes
5
Q
granulocytes
A
leukocytes that stain with small granules in their cytoplasm, includes eosinophils, neutrophils & basophils
6
Q
albumin
A
simple blood protein
7
Q
antibody
A
specific protein produced by the body to interact with specific antigens
8
Q
antigen
A
substance that provokes an immune response (e.g. antibody formation)
9
Q
B cell
A
immune cell produced in bone which produces antibodies
10
Q
band cell
A
immature neutrophils whose nuclei is shaped like a band
11
Q
basophil
A
granulocyte which stains with basic dyes, active in allergic reactions
12
Q
eosinophil
A
granulocyte which stains with acidic dyes, active in allergic reactions and paralytic defences
13
Q
neutrophils
A
phagocytic granulocyte which stains with acidic or basic dyes
14
Q
coagulation
A
blood clotting, aka
15
Q
cross-matching
A
testing the compatibility of donor and recipient blood by use of specific serums to see if there is an immune reaction, done in preparation for transfusion or transplants
16
Q
electrolyte
A
salts that diffuse in bodily fuids
17
Q
erythropoietin
A
hormone produced by the kidneys which stimulates RBC production in bone marrow
18
Q
fibrin
A
clot-forming protein
19
Q
fibrinogen
A
inactive precursor of fibrin
20
Q
gamma globulin
A
fraction of blood plasma that contains antibodies
21
Q
hemostasis
A
stoppage of bleeding
22
Q
immunity
A
state of being protected against a specific disease
23
Q
immunoglobulin
A
antibody, aka
24
Q
lymphocyte
A
agranulocyte which is found in blood and lymph for immune function (e.g. T cells & B cells)
25
megakaryocyte
releases platelets (large bone marrow cell)
26
macrophage
phagocytic cell found in tissue (mature monocyte)
27
monocyte
phagocytic agranulocyte, largest form of WBC
28
phagocytosis
engulfing of foreign material by a WBC
29
plasma
liquid portion of the blood
30
plasma cell
produces antibodies (mature form of a B cell, lymphocyte)
31
platelet
formed element of blood which is active in clotting, part of a megakaryocyte
32
platelet, aka
thrombocyte, aka
33
serum
fraction of plasma which remains after blood coagulation (i.e. plasma without all its clotting factors)
34
T cell
immune cell which matures in the thymus gland which produces attacks foreign cells directly
35
-emia, -hemia
Suffix: condition of the blood
36
-penia
Suffix: decrease in or deficiency in blood
37
-poiesis
Suffix: formation or production of blood
38
myel/o
Root: bone marrow
39
thromb/o
Root: blood clot
40
thrombocyt/o
Root: platelet, thrombocyte
41
azot/o
Root: nitrogenous compounds
42
calc/i
Root: calcium
43
ferr/o/i
Root: iron
44
sider/o
iron
45
kali
Root: ptoassium
46
natri
Root: sodium
47
ox/y
Root: oxygen
48
differential count
relative percentage of the different types of WBC's within a blood sample
49
hematocrit
rellative percentage of packed RBC's within a given volume of blood
50
packed cell volume, aka
hematocrit, aka
51
mean corpuscular volume
volume of an average RBC
52
mean corpuscular hemoglobin
average weight of hemoglobin in RBC's
53
mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
average concentration of hemoglobin in RBC's
54
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
rate of settling of erythrocytes per unit of time, used to detect infection or inflammation
55
complete blood count
series of tests including cell counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and cell volume measurements
56
activated partial thromboplastin time
measures time required for clot formation, but more sensitive
57
bleeding time
measures capacity of platelets to stop bleeding after a standardized skin incision
58
partial thromboplastin time
measures time required for clot formation
59
prothrombin time
indirectly measures prothrombin to monitor anticoagulation therapy
60
thrombin clotting time
measures time required for clot formation
61
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
failure of immune system caused by HIV
62
allergen
substance which promotes an allergic response
63
allergy
hypersensitive immune response
64
anaphylactic reaction
exaggerated allergic reaction, causes circulatory & respiratory distress which can lead to death
65
anemia
hemoglobin deficiency
66
angioedema
localized edema with large hives that involve deeper layers of the the skin and subcutaneous tissue
67
aplastic anemia
anemia caused deficient blood cell production by bone marrow
68
pancytopenia
deficiency in red blood cell production
69
autoimmune disease
immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues
70
Cooley anemia
form of hereditary anemia where hemoglobin forms abnormally
71
delayed hypersensitivity reaction
allergic reaction which takes at least 12 hours to develop
72
disseminated intravascular coagulation
widespread formation of clots in the microscopic vessels
73
ecchymosis
bruise, aka
74
hemophilia
hereditary blood disease wherein lack of clotting factor leads to abnormal bleeding
75
human immunodefiency virus
virus that causes AIDS
76
Hodgkin disease
presence of giant cells within and enlargement of lymph nodes, treatable with radiation & chemotherapy
77
hypersensitivity
allergic response to a substance that is harmless to most people
78
immunodeficiency
congenital or acquired failure of the immune system to protect against disease
79
intrinsic factor
lack of this substance produced in the stomach which helps absorb vit B12 causes a lack of blood cell productive
80
leukemia
malignant overgrowth of immature white blood cells affecting the bone marrow or lymphoid tissues
81
lymphadenopathy
lymph node disease
82
multiple myeloma
tumour of the blood forming tissue in marrow
83
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in the tissues
84
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
widespread malignant lymphadenoma involving lymphocytes
85
Philadelphia chromosome
abnormal chromosome found in persons with chronic granulocytic myelegenous leukemia
86
pernicious anemia
anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor produced by the stomach (which absorbs the B12 necessary for RBC production)
87
petechiae
pinpoint bruises within the skin or mucous membrane
88
purpura
hemorrhages into the skin, mucous membranes, organs and other tissues caused by a deficiency of platelets
89
sideroblastic anemia
anemia caused by the precipitation of iron from RBC's, an error in the manufacture of hemoglobin
90
Sjogren's syndrome
autoimmune disease causes exocrine glands to malfunction (secretion of tears, saliva, other bodily fluids)
91
sickle cell anemia
hereditary disorder wherein RBCs become misshapen as they release their oxygen, due to abnormal hemoglobin, and block blood flow
92
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
93
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune disease involving inflammation of the connective tissue in multiple organs. Symptoms are light sensitivity and a butterfly-shaped rash over the nose and cheeks.
94
systemic sclerosis, aka
scleroderma, aka
95
systemic sclerosis
autoimmune disease involving inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis of the connective tissue in multiple organs (causes hardening of the skin)
96
scleroderma
autoimmune disease involving inflammation, degeneration and fibrosis of the connective tissue (causes hardening of the skin)
97
thalassemia
group of hereditary anemias found in those of Mediterranean descent
98
thrombocytopenia
platelet deficiency
99
urticaria
hives (round, raised, itchy eruptions of the skin)
100
epinephrine
stimulant/hormone produced by adrenal glands and sympathetic nervous system which activates stress response systems in the body
101
adrenaline
stimulant/hormone produced by adrenal glands and sympathetic nervous system which activates stress response systems in the body
102
epinephrine is used to treat what conditions?
used to treat shock and severe allergic reactions
103
reticulocytes
immature erythrocytes/RBC's
104
reticulocyte counts
test used to determine the rate of new erythrocyte/RBC formation
105
agglutination
antibodies causing clumping of blood cells or other elements
106
bilirubin
pigment which is added to bile by the liver, once derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin
107
complement
plasma enzymes that interact with antibodies
108
corpuscle
small mass, body, or cell
109
hemopoietic stem cell
primitive bone marrow cells that can differentiate into all variety of blood cells
110
heparin
anticoagulant found throughout the body
111
plasmin
an enzyme that dissolves blood clots
112
fibrinolysin, aka
plasmin, aka
113
fibrinolysin
an enzyme that dissolves blood clots
114
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin during clot formation
115
agranulocytosis
a condition where a decrease in granulocytic leukocytes is observed
116
agranulocytosis, aka
granulocytopenia, aka
117
granulocytopenia
a condition where a decrease in granulocytic leukocytes is observed
118
erythrocytosis
a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC's is observed
119
graft-versus-host reaction
immunologic response of transplanted lymphocytes against the host, especially common during bone marrow transplants
120
hematoma
localized collection of blood or clotting caused by a break in a blood vessel
121
hemosiderosis
a condition involving iron-containing pigments deposit in the liver and spleen
122
idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura
clotting disorder of unknown cause involving the destruction of platelets following a viral infection, and causing hemorrhaging of the skin and mucous membranes
123
infectious mononucleosis
acute infectious viral disease characterized by weakness, fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and atypical lymphocytes
124
hairy-cell leukemia
form of leukemia in which cells have filaments
125
lymphocytosis
a condition where an increase in lymphocytes is observed
126
myelodysplastic syndrome
bone marrow dysfunction resulting in anemia and deficiency of neutrophils and platelets. Preleukemia prodome
127
neutropenia
a condition where a decrease in neutrophils is observed
128
pancytopenia
a condition involving an indiscriminate decrease in all blood cells
129
polycythemia
a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC's is observed
130
polycythemia, aka
erythrocytosis, aka
131
polycythemia vera
a condition where an increase in erythrocytes/RBC's from overproduction in bone marrow causes thrombosis and hemorrhaging
132
septicemia
presence of microorganisms in the blood
133
spherocytic anemia
hereditary anemia wherein RBC's are spherical instead of disc-shaped, and rupture excessively
134
thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
clotting disorder wherein multiple clots form within blood vessels, often fatal
135
electrophoresis
separation of components of a liquid (blood) by applying an electrical field
