Basic Concepts Flashcards by Chelsea Norden

Combining vowel

A vowel added, usually an “o”, between a root and a suffix which begins with a consonant, to aid in pronunciation

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Combining Form

A root word with a combining vowel

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What happens to a root word that ends in a consonant followed by an “x” once a suffix is added, as in pharynx?

The “x” at the end if the root word changes to a “g”, as in “pharyngeal”

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What happens to a root word that ends in a vowel followed by an “x” once a suffix is added, as in cervix?

The “x” at the end of the root word changes to a “c”, as in cervical

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What type of word does a Suffix modify?

An noun or adjective

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What can modify a singular term to become plural?

A Suffix

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-ia, -ism, -sis, -y

Condition of-

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-iatrics, -iatry, ics

Medical specialty-

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-logy

Study of-

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-ian, -ist

Specialist physician of-

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-ac, -al , -ar, -ary, -ous

pertaining to-

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-ic, -ical, -ile, -oid, -ory

pertaining to-

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-form

resembling- or like-

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What is the plural form of suffix “-a”?

-ae

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What is the plural form of suffix “-en”?

-ina

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What is the plural form of suffix “-ex, -ix, or -yx”?

-ices

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What is the plural form of suffix “-is”?

-es

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What is the plural form of suffix “-ma”?

-mata

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What is the plural form of suffix “-nx, -anx, -inx, or -ynx”?

-nges

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What is the plural form of suffix “-on”?

-a

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What is the plural form of suffix “um”?

-a

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What is the plural form of suffix “us”?

-i

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What is the suffix in psychiatry?

-iatry

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What is the plural form of larynx?

larynges

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What is the singular form for foci?

focus

What is the singular form of lumina?

lumen

What is the suffix in geriatrics?

-iatrics

What is the plural form of meninx?

meninges

a-, an-

lacking, without, not, absence

contra-

opposite, against

de-

removal, loss, without, down

dis-

separation, removal, absence

in-, im-, non-, un-

not

ab-

away from

ad-

toward, near

dia-, per-, trans-

through

hyper-

excess, abnormally high, increased, over

hypo-

below, abnormally low, decreased, under

olig/o-

few, scanty

pan-

all

super-

excess, above

cyan/o-

blue

erythr/o-

red

leuk/o-

white, colourless

melan/o-

black, dark

xanth/o-

yellow

equi-, iso-

equal, same

eu-

easy, normal, good

macro-, mega-, megalo-

large, abnormally large

neo-

new

ortho-

straight, correct, upright

poikilo-

varied, irregular

re-

again, repeat, backwards

ante-, pre-, pro-

preceding, before, in front of

post-

after, behind

ec-, ecto-

out/off, outside

ex/o-

outside, away from

end/o-

in, within

mes/o-

middle

syn-, sym-

together

tel/e/o-

end, last

morph/o

form, shape

kary/o

nucleus

hist/o, histi/o

tissue

fibr/o

fibre

reticul/o

network

aden/o

gland

papill/o

nipple

myx/o

mucus

muc/o

mucus, mucous membrane

somato/o, -some

body, small body

blast/o, -blast

immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell

gen

origin, formation

phag/o

eat, ingest

phil

attract, absorb

plas

formation, moulding, development

trop

act on, affect

troph/o

feeding, growth, nourishment

gluc/o

glucose

glyc/o

sugar, glucose

saccar/o

sugar

amyl/o

starch

steat/o

fatty

ATP

adenosine triphosphate, energy compound of the cell, stores energy for cellular activity

carbohydrates

category of organic compound which includes sugars and starches

chromosome

threadlike body in cell's nucleus that contains genetic information

the study of cells

cytology

a threadlike body in a cell's nucleus that contains genetic information

chromosome

cytoplasm

fluid that fills cell and hold organelles

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, cellular compound that makes up the genes

enzyme

a protein that speeds up the rate of metabolic reactions

gene

hereditary unit composed of DNA and combines with other genes to form chromosomes

the fluid that fills cells and hold organelles?

cytoplasm

a hereditary unit composed of DNA, which combines with other genes to form chromosomes

gene

glucose

a simple sugar that provides the main energy source for metabolism

histology

study of tissues

the study of tissues

histology

homeostasis

condition of internal stability and constancy

lipid

category of organic compounds which includes fats and steroids

metabolism

sum of all physical and chemical reactions within the body

the sum of all physical and chemical reactions within the body

metabolism

the category of organic compounds which includes fats and steroids

lipid

a simple sugar that provides the main energy source for metabolism

glucose

mitosis

cell division

What is the term for cell division?

mitosis

mucus

thick fluid secretion from membranes and glands which lubricates and protects tissues

What is the adjective form of mucus?

mucous

A thick fluid secretion from membranes and glands which lubricates and protects tissues

mucus

A root word with a combining vowel

Combining Form

A vowel added between a root and a suffix beginning with a consonant, which aids in pronunciation

Combing vowel

A word that contains more than one root

Compound word

Suffix: condition of

-ia, -ism, -sis, -y

Suffix: medical specialty

-iatrics, -iatry, ics

Suffix: study of

-logy

Suffix: specialist physician of

-ian, -ist

Suffix: pertaining to

-ac, -al , -ar, -ary, -ous

Suffix: pertaining to

-ic, -ical, -ile, -oid, -ory

Suffix: resembling or like

-form

What is the singular form of suffix "-ae?"

-a

What is the singular form of suffix "-ina?"

-en

What is the singular form of suffix "-ices?"

-ex, -ix, or -yx

What is the singular form of suffix "-es?"

-is

What is the singular form of suffix "-mata?"

-ma

What is the singular form of suffix "-nges?"

-nx, -anx, -inx, or -ynx

What is the singular form of suffix "-a?"

-on

What is the singular form of suffix "-a?"

-um

What is the singular form of suffix "-i?"

-us

What is the plural form of focus?

foci

What is the plural form of lumen?

lumina

What is the singular form of meninges?

meninx

Prefix: lacking, without, not, absence

a-, an-

Prefix: against

anti-

Prefix: opposite, against

contra-

Prefix: removal, loss, without, down

de-

Prefix: separation, removal, absence

dis-

Prefix: not

in-, im-, non-, un-

Prefix: away from

ab-

Prefix: toward, near

ad-

Prefix: through

dia-, per-, trans-

Prefix: few, scanty

olig/o-

Prefix: all

pan-

Prefix: excess, above

super-

Prefix: blue

cyan/o-

Prefix: red

erythr/o-

Prefix: white, colourless

leuk/o-

Prefix: black, dark

melan/o-

Prefix: yellow

xanth/o-

Prefix: equal, same

equi-, iso-

Prefix: easy, normal, good

eu-

Prefix: different, unequal, other

hetero-

Prefix: same, stable, unchanging

homo-, homeo-

Prefix: large, abnormally large

macro-, mega-, megalo-

Prefix: small

micro-

Prefix: new

neo-

Prefix: normal

normo-

Prefix: straight, correct, upright

ortho-

Prefix: varied, irregular

poikilo-

Prefix: fake, false

pseudo-

Prefix: again, repeat, backwards

re-

Prefix: preceding, before, in front of

ante-, pre-, pro-

Prefix: after, behind

post-

Prefix: right hand side

dextr/o-

Prefix: left hand side

sinistr/o-

Prefix: out/off, outside

ec-, ecto-

Prefix: outside, away from

ex/o-

Prefix: in, within

end/o-

Prefix: middle

mes/o-

Prefix: together

syn-, sym-

Prefix: end, last

tel/e/o-

Prefix: form, shape

morph/o

Suffix: cell

-cyte

Root word: cell

cyt/o

Root word: nucleus

nucle/o, kary/o

Root word: tissue

hist/o, histi/o

Root word: fibre

fibr/o

Root word: network

reticul/o

Root word: gland

aden/o

Root word: nipple

papill/o

Root word: mucus, mucous membrane

myx/o, muc/o

Root word: body, small body

somato/o

Suffix: body, small body

-some

Root word: immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell

blast/o

Suffix: immature cell, productive cell, embryonic cell

-blast

Root word: origin, formation

gen

Root word: eat, ingest

phag/o

Root word: attract, absorb

phil

Root word: formation, moulding, development

plas

Root word: act on, affect

trop

Root word: feeding, growth, nourishment

troph/o

Root word: glucose

gluc/o, glyc/o

Root word: sugar

saccar/o, glyc/o

Root word: starch

amyl/o

Root word: lipid, fat

lip/o, adip/o

Root word: fatty

steat/o

Root word: protein

prote/o

nucleus

an organelle that directs all cellular activities based on the chromosomes contained within

organ

an group of tissues that has a specific purpose within a body system

organelle

a specialized structure within a cell

protein

category of organic compounds which includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones

RNA

ribonucleic acid, cellular compound which contains instructions for protein synthesis

tissue

a group of cells which have a specific function

a category of organic compounds which includes structural materials, enzymes, and some hormones

proteins

cortex

the outer region of an organ

cortex

glycogen

a complex sugar broken down to supply energy, composed of many glucose, stored in the liver and muscles

medulla

marrow, or the inner region of an organ

the outer region of an organ

medulla

interstitial

between parts, such as between cells within a tissue

parenchyma

the functional tissue of an organ?

the functional tissue of an organ

parenchyma

soma

reference to the body

soma

marrow

medulla

stem cell

precursor cell which has the capacity to develop into any of a variety of different cell types

stem cell

parietal

pertaining to the a membrane on the wall of a body cavity

pertaining to a membrane on the wall of a body cavity

parietal

visceral

pertaining to the membrane on the wall of an organ

visceral

decubitous position

lying face down, with specific reference made to the side of the body resting on a flat surface

dorsal recumbent position

lying face up, legs bent and separated, fleet flat on the bed

lying face down, with specific reference made to the side of the body resting on a flat surface

decubitous position

Fowler position

lying face up, knees elevated, head of bed raised 18 inches, used for ease of breathing and drainage

jackknife position

lying face up, shoulders elevated, buttocks and thighs at right angle to abdomen, used to introduce tube into urethra

knee-chest position

on knees, upper chest and head on table, arms crossed above head, used to flush intestine for OB/GYN purposes

lateral recumbent position

on side with one leg flexed

lithotomy position

lying face up, legs raised to abdomen, thighs apart

Sims position

on side, chest resting forward on bed, contralateral leg drawn up high and forward, ipsilateral arm along backside

peritoneum

large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity

cervic/o

neck

celi/o

abdomen

lapar/o

abdominal wall

Root word: head

cephal/o

Root word: neck

cervic/o

Root word: chest

thorac/o

Root word: abdomen

celi/o, abdomin/o

Root word: abdominal wall

lapar/o

Root word: peritoneum

periton/e/o

acro

extremity, end

brachi/o

arm

dactyl/o

finger or toe

ped/o

foot

pod/o

foot

Root word: extremity, end

acro

Root word: arm

brachi/o

Root word: finger or toe

dactyl/o

Root word: foot

ped/o, pod/o

circum-

around

peri-

around

epi-

on, over

infra-

below

sub-

below, under

inter-

between

juxta-

near, beside

para-

near, beside

retro-

behind, backward

Prefix: around

circum-, peri-

Prefix: in, within

intra-

Prefix: outside

extra-

Prefix: on, over

epi-

Prefix: below

sub-, infra-

Prefix: between

inter-

Prefix: near, beside

juxta-, para-

Prefix: behind, backward

retro-

Prefix: above

supra-

Prefix: under

infra-

digit

finger or toe

fundus

area of a hollow organ furthest from its opening

lumen

central opening within a tube or hollow organ

meatus

canal or opening

orifice

cavity opening

mouth or body opening

septum

division wall between cavities

sinus

bone-formed cavity

finger or toe

digit

area of a hollow organ furthest from its opening

fundus

central opening within a tube or hollow organ

lumen

canal or body opening

meatus

cavity opening

orifice

mouth or body opening

division wall between cavities

septum

bone-formed cavity

sinus

circular muscle that regulates an opening

sphincter

-plasia

condition involving formation of tissue

Suffix: condition involving formation of tissue

-plasia