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Hematology Oncology > Blood Dyscrasias > Flashcards

Blood Dyscrasias Flashcards

1
Q

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is the MC malignancy in?

A

Children under the age of 15 in the US

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2
Q

Is ALL responsive to therapy?

A

Yes, most responsive to therapy

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3
Q

What are some clinical features of ALL?

A

Bone and joint pain (invasion of periosteum)

splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy

Anterior mediastinal mass

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4
Q

Diagnostic lab findings for ALL and AML?

A

Variable WBC count

significant numbers of blast cells in peripheral blood

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5
Q

What complication is associated with ALL chemotherapy?

A

Tumor lysis syndrome

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6
Q

What is tumor lysis syndrome?

A

rapid cell death that releases intracellular contents

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7
Q

What does tumor lysis syndrome cause?

A

Hyperkalemia

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperuricemia

Hypocalcemia

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8
Q

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) occurs mostly in?

A

Adults (80% of adult acute leukemias)

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9
Q

What risk is involved with AML?

A

Increased risk of bacterial infections (d/t neutropenia)

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10
Q

What unique clinical feature is seen in AML?

A

Skin nodules

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11
Q

What would you see in a bone marrow biopsy for diagnosing AML?

A

Auer Rods

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12
Q

What are Auer rods?

A

Granules and eosinophilic rods inside malignant cells

Present in AML, but not in ALL

Particularly noted if it is the APL phenotype

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13
Q

What is the best treatment option for AML?

A

Bone marrow transplantation gives the best change of remission or cure

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14
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is most common in?

A

> 60 years of age

Leukemia occurring after age 50

Most common leukemia in the Western world

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15
Q

What is the cause of CLL?

A

B-type lymphocytes are mature, but functionally defective.

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16
Q

Is CLL considered the most or least aggressive type of leukemia?

A

Least aggressive

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17
Q

Clinical features of CLL?

A

Usually asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis

Generalized painless LAD (nontender lymph nodes)

Splenomegaly

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18
Q

Diagnostic findings for CLL?

A

Pancytopenia is common (anemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia)

Peripheral blood smear: smudge cells

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19
Q

What are smudge cells?

A

“fragile” leukemic cells that are broken when placed on the glass slide.

20
Q

What are some general characteristics of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?

A

Philadelphia chromosome (cheesesteak me likeee)

21
Q

Treatment options for CML?

A

Target therapy: TKI Imatinib (Gleevec)

22
Q

What are constitutional (B) sxs?

A

Fever, night sweats, anorexia, weight loss

23
Q

What is Hodgkin lymphoma bimodal age distribution?

A

X1: 15-30 yrs old
X2: >50yrs of age

24
Q

Lymph node bx lab finding for Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Reed Sternberg Cells “owl eyes”

25
Q

What is the MC clinical features of Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Painless lymphadenopathy

26
Q

What differentiates between Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Presence of inflammatory cell infiltrates

27
Q

How common is non-Hodgkins lymphoma compared to Hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Twice as common has Hodgkins lymphoma

28
Q

Burkitt lymphoma a high-grade subtype of NHL is linked to?

A

African variety linked to EBV infection

29
Q

Clinical features of NHL?

A

Lymphadenopathy

30
Q

What is the definitive dx of NHL?

A

Lymph node bx- no Reed Sternberg Cells

31
Q

What is multiple myeloma?

A

Neoplastic proliferation of a single plasma cell line that produces monoclonal immunoglobulin.

32
Q

Age and race MC for multiple myeloma?

A

> 50 yrs

2x more common in AA compared to caucasian pts

33
Q

What is a general characteristic of multiple myeloma?

A

Bone marrow elements are replaced by malignant plasma cells

34
Q

What are skeletal manifestations of multiple myeloma?

A

Bone pain d/t osteolytic lesions, fractures, and vertebral collapse

35
Q

Anemia manifestations of multiple myeloma?

A

Normocytic normochromic

36
Q

Urine test finding for myeloma nephrosis caused by multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones protein in urine - large amounts of free light chains

37
Q

What is the MCC of death in pts with multiple myeloma?

A

Infections: pulmonary or urinary tract

38
Q

Clinical feature of back/spine in pt with multiple myeloma?

A

Cord compression

39
Q

What is a peripheral smear finding in pts with multiple myeloma?

A

Rouleaux formation

40
Q

what are CRAB manifestations of multiple myeloma?

A

C = Calcium issues (hypercalcemia)

R = Renal insufficiency (elevated creatinine)

A = Anemia

B = bone lesions and pain

41
Q

What is the preferred tx of multiple myeloma?

A

Autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (stem cell transplant)

42
Q

What mutations are found in polycythemia vera?

A

Mutations of the JAK2 tyrosine kinase

43
Q

S/Sxs of polycythemia vera?

A

Hyperviscosity: HA, dizziness, weakness, pruritus, visual impairment, dyspnea

44
Q

In order to r/o polycythemia vera?

A

Rule out causes of secondary polycythemia (hypoxia, CO exposure)

45
Q

DDx of polycythemia vera?

A

Smoking and Hypoxemia (secondary polycythemia)

46
Q

Tx for polycythemia vera?

A

Repeated phlebotomy to lower the hematocrit

Hematology Oncology (9 decks)

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