blood disorders 1

Question 1

what are the types of blood disorders you can get?

Answer 1

Congenital disorders
Tumours
Infection
Secondary disorders
•Urinary system:
•Immune problems
Nutritional disorders
Trauma and toxic reactions
Coagulation  disorders

Question 2

what do all blood cells arise from in the body?

Answer 2

All blood cells arise from precursor cells within the bone marrow, called stem cells- undergo differentiation to become WBC/ RBC/ platelets

Question 3

what is anaemia?

Answer 3

Anaemia is present when there is a decrease in the level of haemoglobin in the blood below the reference level for the age and sex of the individual

Question 4

how do you clinically measure blood?

Answer 4

MCV - Mean Corpuscular Volume(fL)

MCH - Mean corpuscular Haemoglobin (pg)

Question 5

what is MVC?

Answer 5

The average size of your red blood cells. This can be affected by different types of anaemia (HCT/RBC)

Question 6

what is MCH?

Answer 6

The amount of haemoglobin per red blood cell

Question 7

what is RDW?

Answer 7

Red cell distribution width Is a calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs. In some anaemias, such as iron deficiency or pernicious anaemia, the amount of variation in RBC size causes an increase in the RDW.

Question 8

What are the criteria for haemoglobin levels for anaeima?

Answer 8

less than 130g/L – Male ; 120 g/L - Female

Question 9

what are the two classifications of anaemia used?

Answer 9

1- Etiologic classification: the factor responsible for anaemia
2. Morphologic classification: shape and appearance of red cell

Question 10

what does etiologic classification break down into?

Answer 10

1. Inadequate production of red cells

2. Excessive loss of red cells

Question 11

what does the morphologic criteria break down into?

Answer 11

Normocytic anaemia: appearance and size ofcells is normal
•Macrocytic anaemia: cells larger than normal
•Microcytic anaemia: cells are smaller thannormal
•Hypochromic anaemia: reduced haemoglobincontent
•Hypochromic microcytic anaemia: smallerthan normal and reduced hemoglobin content

Question 12

if someone had iron deficiency anaemia what would they be classified as?

Answer 12

hypochromic microcytic

Question 13

if someone had Vitamin B12or folic acid deficiency anaemia, how would they be classified?

Answer 13

macrocytic anaemia

Question 14

what is the most common type of anaemia?

Answer 14

normocytic

Question 15

if a person has a high retyclocyte count what would you assume they have?

Answer 15

bleeding/ haemolysis

Question 16

if you give someone with a normal rethrocyte count feritin what should this indicate?

Answer 16

low- FE deficiency

high- anaemia/ chronic disease

Question 17

can the size of RBC in anaemia be influenced?

Answer 17

yes by variations in : vit B12/folate/ cytotoxic drugs/ etc

Question 18

how do red blood cells develop?

Answer 18

differnciate in bone marrow
Reticulocytes remain in marrow for 1 day
•Released into venous sinus
•Continue to mature

Question 19

what is the function of erythropoietin in red blood cell development?

Answer 19

it allows for profiliation/ maturation and release of reticulocytes

Question 20

where is erythropoietin synthesized?

Answer 20

in the kidney

Question 21

what is the normal reticulocyte count?

Answer 21

1%

Question 22

how are red blood cells destroyed?

Answer 22

haemoglobin>heme +globin
heme> iron and stored and reused in bone marrow
heme> now free , conjugates in the liver with bilrubin> excreted in urine
globin> amino acids and reused