Blood and urine Flashcards
What are top tests that are very common?
Alanine aminotransferase
urinalysis
creatinine
CMP
CBC
BUN
What does CBC measure?
7 blood components like Hb/Hct, WBCs & platelets
What are 3 advantages of CBC?
no special prep
small sample
can detect 7 different conditions
What is a limitation of CBC?
may not offer a definitive diagnosis
What are 2 improved devices for blood sampling?
Tasso SST
Neoteryx mitra finger prick
How do these two devices improve blood sampling?
prepared without anticoagulation
allowing immediate separation of serum for antibody/other testing
What does the HbA1C test look at?
Glycosylated Hb -> monitoring diabetes
What does HbA1C measure?
Average level of plasma glucose over previous 2-3 months -> indicates long-term glucose levels & indicates glycaemic control
What are 2 other key tests for diabetes?
Fasting plasma glucose
oral glucose tolerance
What are 4 ELISAs?
direct
Indirect
Sandwich (most common)
Competitive
What does the ELISA measure?
Conc. of antigen/protein based on antibody binding that produces chemiluminescence
What are 2 immune responses to viruses?
IgG - general
IgM - mucosal cells
What 3 micronutrients were found to be associated with COVId-19?
Selenium
Zinc
Copper
What is an example of genetic mutation testing of germline DNA?
BRCA
What is the inheritance pattern of BRCA?
Autosomal dominant
What is the diagnostic test for Down’s Syndrome?
circulating DNA (cfDNA)
What 2 tests have a high risk of killing the fetus?
Aminocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling
What is the biomarker for Down’s Syndrome?
Trisomy 21
What does cfDNA look at?
Fragments from specific chromosomes
What type of technology is cfDNA test?
Microarray based technology
What is centogene?
world’s largest rae disease bio/data bank
What is Freenome?
Routine blood draw for early cancer detection -> multidimensional view of both tumour & immune-derived signatures
What does the All of Us database showing?
Risk factors for certain diseases
figure out which treatments work best for people of different backgrounds
connect people with right studies
What are urinanalysis test strips?
Reagent strips for detection of key diagnostic chemical markers
What are biomarkers on the urinanalysis test strips?
Glucose
Protein
pH
Leukocytes
Blood
Uribilinogen
What do pregnancy tests look at?
Checks a woman’s urine for human chorionic gonadotropin
How many antibodies does the pregnancy test look at?
2 mouse
goat
2 hCG antibodies in test region (1 free 1 bound)
What is plasmodium falciparum?
Unicellular protozoan parasite of humans causing malaria
How does the urine malaria test work?
Immunochromatographic lateral flow assay - monoclonal antibody detection of sheded proteins
How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis tested in urine?
Lateral flow Lipoarabinomannan test trip in HIV-infected patients
How is urine used to detect prostrate cancer?
Progensa PCA3 test
How does the Progensa PCA3 test work?
non-coding mRNA elevated in ~90% of men with PCA -> nucleic acid from urine sediment is isolated & PCA3 expression quantified
What is the miProstrate Score?
Multiplex analysis of T2-ERG gene fusion, PCA3 & serum PSA
