Blood and urine

Question 1

What are top tests that are very common?

Answer 1

Alanine aminotransferase
urinalysis
creatinine
CMP
CBC
BUN

Question 2

What does CBC measure?

Answer 2

7 blood components like Hb/Hct, WBCs & platelets

Question 3

What are 3 advantages of CBC?

Answer 3

no special prep
small sample
can detect 7 different conditions

Question 4

What is a limitation of CBC?

Answer 4

may not offer a definitive diagnosis

Question 5

What are 2 improved devices for blood sampling?

Answer 5

Tasso SST
Neoteryx mitra finger prick

Question 6

How do these two devices improve blood sampling?

Answer 6

prepared without anticoagulation
allowing immediate separation of serum for antibody/other testing

Question 7

What does the HbA1C test look at?

Answer 7

Glycosylated Hb -> monitoring diabetes

Question 8

What does HbA1C measure?

Answer 8

Average level of plasma glucose over previous 2-3 months -> indicates long-term glucose levels & indicates glycaemic control

Question 9

What are 2 other key tests for diabetes?

Answer 9

Fasting plasma glucose
oral glucose tolerance

Question 10

What are 4 ELISAs?

Answer 10

direct
Indirect
Sandwich (most common)
Competitive

Question 11

What does the ELISA measure?

Answer 11

Conc. of antigen/protein based on antibody binding that produces chemiluminescence

Question 12

What are 2 immune responses to viruses?

Answer 12

IgG - general
IgM - mucosal cells

Question 13

What 3 micronutrients were found to be associated with COVId-19?

Answer 13

Selenium
Zinc
Copper

Question 14

What is an example of genetic mutation testing of germline DNA?

Answer 14

BRCA

Question 15

What is the inheritance pattern of BRCA?

Answer 15

Autosomal dominant

Question 16

What is the diagnostic test for Down’s Syndrome?

Answer 16

circulating DNA (cfDNA)

Question 17

What 2 tests have a high risk of killing the fetus?

Answer 17

Aminocentesis
Chorionic villus sampling

Question 18

What is the biomarker for Down’s Syndrome?

Answer 18

Trisomy 21

Question 19

What does cfDNA look at?

Answer 19

Fragments from specific chromosomes

Question 20

What type of technology is cfDNA test?

Answer 20

Microarray based technology

Question 21

What is centogene?

Answer 21

world’s largest rae disease bio/data bank

Question 22

What is Freenome?

Answer 22

Routine blood draw for early cancer detection -> multidimensional view of both tumour & immune-derived signatures

Question 23

What does the All of Us database showing?

Answer 23

Risk factors for certain diseases
figure out which treatments work best for people of different backgrounds
connect people with right studies

Question 24

What are urinanalysis test strips?

Answer 24

Reagent strips for detection of key diagnostic chemical markers

Question 25

What are biomarkers on the urinanalysis test strips?

Answer 25

Glucose Protein pH Leukocytes Blood Uribilinogen

Question 26

What do pregnancy tests look at?

Answer 26

Checks a woman's urine for human chorionic gonadotropin

Question 27

How many antibodies does the pregnancy test look at?

Answer 27

2 mouse goat 2 hCG antibodies in test region (1 free 1 bound)

Question 28

What is plasmodium falciparum?

Answer 28

Unicellular protozoan parasite of humans causing malaria

Question 29

How does the urine malaria test work?

Answer 29

Immunochromatographic lateral flow assay - monoclonal antibody detection of sheded proteins

Question 30

How is Mycobacterium tuberculosis tested in urine?

Answer 30

Lateral flow Lipoarabinomannan test trip in HIV-infected patients

Question 31

How is urine used to detect prostrate cancer?

Answer 31

Progensa PCA3 test

Question 32

How does the Progensa PCA3 test work?

Answer 32

non-coding mRNA elevated in ~90% of men with PCA -> nucleic acid from urine sediment is isolated & PCA3 expression quantified

Question 33

What is the miProstrate Score?

Answer 33

Multiplex analysis of T2-ERG gene fusion, PCA3 & serum PSA