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blood and lymphatic system Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood

A
  • transport and distribution - of o2 co2, proteins, nutrients, hormones and metabolic waste
  • protection - restruits fluid loss in damaged vessels. platelets and clotting proteins miniseries blood loss i n damaged vessels
  • regulation - regulates body temp and pH temp - it regulates the electrolyte composition in interstitial fluids (fluid around the spaces of the cells) where it remains at an optimum temp of 6.8 to 7.4
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2
Q

what is the blood spilt into

A

in a serum of blood ( this is plasma without the clotting g factors - fibrinogen
- plasma ( 46- 63%)
- formed elements ( 37- 54%)

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3
Q

what is plasm asplit into

A
  • plasma protein ( 7%)
  • other solutes (1%)
  • water (92%) - to transport organic and inorganic molecules, formed elects and heat
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4
Q

what is plasma protein made up of

A

albumins (60%) - helps osmotic pressure of plasma, transports lipids and steroid hormones.

globulins (35%) - transports ions, hormones and lipids and has immune functions

regulatory protein (1%) - enzymes, proenzymes (inactive substances which metabolise into enzymes) and hormones

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5
Q

what is other solutes in plasma made up of

A

electrolytes - contribute to osmotic pressure of body fluids, eg of electrolytes are na+, k+, ca2+, mg2+

other organic nutrients - lipids, cholesterol, carbohydrates, glucose and amino aids. used for cell growth, maintenance, atp production

organic waste - carried to the site of break down. such as urea, creatinine, bilirubin and ammonium ions

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6
Q

what are formed elects in blood made up of

A
  • platelets
    whic te blood cells
    red blood cells - 99%
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7
Q

what is hemotocrit

A

the measure of rbc in a centrifuge

men levels = 47%
women levels = 42%

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8
Q

structure of rbc

A

no organelles or nucleus
haemoglobin - each have 280 mill
biconcave shape- 30% more SA
life span of 100 to 120 days

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9
Q

what are LEUKOCYTES

A

these are white blood cells

  • they protect the body
  • larger then rbc
  • have a nucleus
    -life span of 12 hours to several years
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10
Q

what are the two types of leukocytes

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
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11
Q

what are the THREE types of granulocytes

clue = NEB

A
  • neutrophils- most numerous wbc - they can phagocytise and destroy bacteria
    they have a nucleus which as 2 to 6 lobes
    and they have granules which can pick up acidic or basic stains
  • esinophils - they make up 1- 4% - they help end allergic reaction and parasitic infections
  • Basophils - 0.5% - their nucleus has two lobes - they secrete histamine. they have functions in inflammation mediation
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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO types of agranulocytes

clue= L AND M

A
  • lymphocytes (20-45%)
    nucleus - stains ark purple
    they have t cells - attack foreign cells directly and B cells which becomes plasma cells which secrete antibodies
  • monocytes (4-8%)
    the largest leukocytes (wbc)
    the nucleus is kidney shaped
    and they transform into macrophages - which are phagocytic cells ( they undergo phagocytosis)
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13
Q

what is the structure and function of platelets

A

structure
they are small cellular fragments, they come from bone marrow from giant cell called MEGAKARYOCYTE
they contain several clotting factors such as fibrinogen

their function is to stop bleeding when blood vessel is damaged
this is called HEMOSTASIS

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14
Q

what is the difference between ERYTHROPOIESIS and HEMATOPOIESIS

A

hematopoiesis - is the development of all cells in the blood, white and red blood cells

whereas erythropoiesis is the development of only red blood cells

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15
Q

what is the process of erythropoeiesis and what is it dependant on.

A

when the kidney detected low blood oxygen a growth hormone called ERYTHROPOIETIN is used to stimulate rbc production

  • so the kidney increases the amount of that protein then in the RED BONE MARROW. thi si where the stem cells is differentiated into RETICULOCYTES (immature cell) and then further differentiated inti red blood cells
  • to then increase the blood oxygen levels

you can find red bone marrow in the EPIPHYSES, GIRDLES AND AXIAL SKELETON

this process is dependant on diet, so iron, folic acid and b12

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16
Q

the different types of blood stem cells

A

there are two types

  • lymphoid stem cells - they give rise to lymphocytes
  • myeloid stem cells - they give rise to blood cells types except for lymphocytes
17
Q

how are erthroyctes rbc broken down

A
  • some rbc are engulfed and digested by macrophages
  • the iron in the haemoglobin is removed and rechecked as TRANSFERRIN and stored as FERRITIN
  • the haeme groups are converted into BILIRUBIN where it is catabolised in the liver, where it releases bile through the small intestine then as faeces
    the catabolites that go into the blood stream go into the kidneys where they are released as urine
18
Q

what are some blood disorders

A
  • erythrocytosis - too many rbc
  • neutrophilia - increased neutrophils during infection
  • anaemia
  • iron deficiency - lack of haemoglobin
  • haemorrhag- lack of haemoglobin
  • hemolytic
  • sickle cell
19
Q

what is he function of the lymphatic system

A

it works with the immune system to remove diseased causing agents, it maintains a balance of fluids in the internal environment, by producing and maintain g the amount of lymphocytes
they also maintain blood volume

20
Q

describe the structure of lymphatic vessels

A

the structure of lymphatic vessels are they are very thin and delicate

ADD MORE

21
Q

describe the structure of lymphatic capillaries

A

they are mini valves which have a one way system allowing excess fluids to enter b y not leave.

they pick up bacteria and viruses s el as proteins, electrolytes and fluids
they lymph nodes destroy pathogens.

22
Q

what are the lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • thymus
  • tonsils
  • s,mall intestine and appendix aggregated lymphoid nodules
23
Q

what is the function of the lymph nodes

A

they are grouped together at various parts of the body’s

they are involved in filtration

they are invol]ved in immune surveillance- so there are manny immune cells concertrated there

24
Q

what is the function of the thymus

A

structure - soft and bi - lobed
located above the heart
shrinks as we age

function - they produce lymphocytes and stimulate the production of lymphocytes

25
Q

what is the function of the spleen

A

structure - largest lymphatic organ
located in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity

function - filters blood, removes worn out red blood cells
when the spleen is removed the liver takes over this function

26
Q

what is the function of the tonsils

A

COME BACK TO

27
Q

what is the function of the small intestine

A
  • it p iks up liquid from difvestive organs and transports it to the blood stream
  • they also have special lymph capillaries called LACTEALS which are used for collecting fats
28
Q

what are the types of t lymphocytes

A
  • cytotoxic cells - these provide celll mediated immunity and attack fooleries virus infected cells
  • regulatory t cells

-helper t c ells

  • suppressor t cells
  • memory cells
29
Q

what are the different types of b cells

A
  • they can become plasma cells = which produce specific antibodies
    . antibodies are immunoglobulins
  • they are responsible for humoral or antibody mediated immunity
30
Q

what are nk lymphocytes

A

these provide immunological surveillance
they attack cancerous cells, virally infected cells, and foreign cells

31
Q

what is the origin and circulation of lymphocytes

A
  1. stem cells in the red bone marrow give rise to undifferentiated lymphocytes
  2. some undifferentiated lymphocytes are processes in the thymus gland to become t cells
  3. some undifferentiated lym,pho types are processes within the bone marrow to become b cells
  4. both then t and b cells are transported through the blood to lymphatic organs, such as the lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts and spleeed
32
Q

what happens when there is a blockage of the lymph drainage

A
  • ELEPHANTIASIS - blockage caused by parasitic worms
  • LYMPHADEMA - excess accumulation of extravascular and extracellular fluid and protein in. tissue spaces
    - this is caused by a disturbance of the water and protein balance across the capillary membrane ( greater amount of protein draws in more water).

the patient (15 decks)

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