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1802 > Blood and Anaemia > Flashcards

Blood and Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Blood

A

Functions :
- supply of oxygen to tissues
- supply of nutrients such as glucose, amino acids and fatty acids
- removal of waste such as CO2
- response to broken blood vessel
- immunological function

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2
Q

Blood composition

A
  • Plasma 55%
    Formed elements 45%
    wbc
    rbc
    platelets
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3
Q

RBC

A

O2 and CO2 transport
flat shape
flexibility
haemoglobin
lack of nucleus and organelles
life span = 120 days

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4
Q

Haemoglobin

A

CO2 as a waste product is transported away from the tissues in 3 ways :
- 30 % bound to HB
- 10% dissolved in plasma
- 60% transported as HCO3 in plasma

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5
Q

WBC

A

part of the bodys immune defence system

defence against harmful microorganisms

removal of worn out cells and tissue debris

destruction of cancer cells

TYPES OF WBC :
- POLYMORPHONUCLEUR ( GRANULOCYTES ) segmented nuclei , lots of granules, dye affinity

-MONONUCLEUR
( AGRANULOCYTES) single large nuclei, few granules

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6
Q

Platelets ( thrombocytes )

A
  • small cell fragments
  • function = haemostasis
  • structure = no nuclei, organelles and enzymes , contraction
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7
Q

What is Haematopoiesis ?

A

Formation of new blood cells

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8
Q

What is erythropoiesis ?

A
  • formation of new red blood cells
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9
Q

What is anaemia ?

A
  • overall reduction in haemoglobin
  • reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood cell

Low Hb levels can result from either :
- increased Hb loss
- Reduced Hb prodcution

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10
Q

Classification of anaemia

A

MICROCYTIC = IRON DEFICIENCY ANAEMIA, ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE

NORMOCYTIC = ACUTE OR CHRONIC BLOOD LOSS , LEUKAEMIA , ANAEMIA OF CHRONIC DISEASE

MACROCYTIC = MEGLOBLASTIC ANAEMIA , FOLATE DEFICIENY AND B12 DEFICIENCY , ALCOHOLSIM

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11
Q

Non specific signs and symptoms

A
  • tiredness
  • pallor
  • fainting
  • SOB
  • Increased HR
  • worsening symptoms and angina, cardiac failure and intermittent claudication
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12
Q

Iron Deficiency Anaemia

A

IDA is usually due to :
- poor nutrition
- malabsorption
- blood loss
- increased need for iron

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13
Q

Clinical features of IDA

A
  • pale skin and mucous membranes
  • painless glossitis
  • anglular stomatitis
  • dysphagia
  • pica
  • hair loss
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14
Q

complications of IDA

A
  • children
  • muscular performance
  • heart failure
  • impaired immunity
  • complications associated with pregnancy
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15
Q

Elemental iron

A

Ferrous fumarate 200 mg = 65mg EI

Ferrous gluconate 300mg = 25mg EI

Ferrous sulphate 300mg = 60mg EI

Ferrous sulphate dried 200mg = 65mg EI

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16
Q

Patient counselling

A

TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH AS FOOD REDUCES ABSORPTION BY 40-50%

BLACK STOOLS

CONSTIPATION , DIARRHOEA

INTERACTIONS

REMIND PT OF DIETARY SOURCES

MONITORING REQUIREMENTS

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

17
Q

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

A
  • CRITERIA
  • RISKS
  • IRON OVERLOAD
  • PATIENT CONSENT
  • DONATE BLOOD CAMPAIGN
18
Q

Anaemia of chronic disease

A
  • second most common after IDA
19
Q

IDA VS AOCD

A

IDA :
- SERUM IRON = LOW
- FERRITIN = LOW
- SERUM TRANSFERRIN = INCREASED OR NORMAL
- SERUM TRANSFERRIN RECEPTORS = INCREASED

AoCD :
- SERUM IRON = LOW
- FERRITIN = INCREASED OR NORMAL
- SERUM TRANSFERRIN = DECREASED OR NORMAL
- SERUM TRANSFERRIN RECEPTORS = DECREASED OR NORMAL

20
Q

Management of AoCD

A
  • oral iron therapy not usually indicated in most cases
  • risks vs benefits of parenteral iron
  • erythropoietin analogues are licensed for management of symptomatic anaemia
21
Q

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA

A

An abnormality in maturation of haematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, resulting in macrocytic red blood cells

Folate and/or vitamin B12 deficiency should be suspected in patients at risk and with one or more following :
- presence of oval macrocytic RBC’S
- Presence of hyper-segmented neutrophils
-Pancytopenia of uncertain cause
- unexplained neurological signs or symptoms

22
Q

Specific Signs And Symptoms Of Megaloblastic Anaemia

A
  • sore pale tongue
  • altered bowel habit
  • anorexia
  • mild jaundice
  • neurological disorders
  • fever
23
Q

Causes of folate deficiency

A
  • nutritional deficiency
  • malabsorption
  • increased requirements
  • medication
24
Q

Management of folate deficiency

A
  • treat with folic acid 5mg up to 15mg daily ]
  • duration of therapy depends on cause of folate deficiency
  • must exclude vitamin B12 deficiency before starting folic acid treatment
25
Q

Causes of B12 deficiency

A
  • dietary restrictions
  • gastric abnormalities
  • small bowel disease
  • medication
  • nitric oxide
26
Q

Management of B12 deficiency

A
  • lifelong therapy for most cases
  • hydroxocobalamin preferred in the UK for treatment of b12 deficiency

1802 (22 decks)

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