Blood

Question 1

Name the 6 functions of the blood

Answer 1

Maintenance of ECF
Carriage of physiologically active compounds e.g enzymes, hormones 
Clotting 
Defence
Carriage of gas e.g oxygen
Thermoregulation

Question 2

What is the blood composed of?

Answer 2

Fluid Plasma
Red Blood cells
Platelets
White Blood cells

Question 3

What is the role of plasma?

Answer 3

Carries biologically active molecules and compounds

Kept within strict limits

Question 4

Describe the 3 categories of plasma proteins

Answer 4

Albumin - most abundant, binds to drugs, steroid hormones, lipid based vitamins. Generates colloid oncotic pressure.

Globulin- alpha, beta, gamma globulins. Act like albumin. Gamma involved in immune system.

Fibrinogen- clotting factors

Question 5

Where do plasma proteins perform their functions?

Answer 5

In circulation, they cannot be taken up by cells

Question 6

What 2 forces affects net fluid movement during colloid oncotic pressure?

Answer 6

Capillary Hydrostatic pressure (basically blood pressure) favours movement out of capillary

Plasma protein concentration favours fluid movement into capillary.

Question 7

What is Hypoproteinaemia?

Answer 7

Abnormally low levels of circulating plasma proteins.

Question 8

Name some causes of hypoproteinaemia

Answer 8

Prolonged starvation
Liver disease
Intestinal disease
Nephrosis - proteins in urine

Question 9

Where are plasma proteins produced?

Answer 9

Liver

Question 10

Where are all blood cells derived from?

Answer 10

Stem cells in bone marrow. They are pluripotent

Question 11

What class of cells come from uncommitted stem cells?

Answer 11

Myeloid cells

Question 12

What class of cells are lymphocytes?

Answer 12

Lymphoid cells

Question 13

Describe some characteristics of erythrocytes

Answer 13

120 day life span
Biconcave shape
Non- nucleated (lose it during maturation)
Packed with Haemoglobin
Flexible - can squeeze through capillaries

Question 14

Which form of blood is bright red in colour and what causes this?

Answer 14

Arterial blood due to oxyhaemoglobin

Question 15

Which enzyme controls the formation of red blood cells?

Answer 15

Erythrpoietin

Question 16

Where is erythropoietin produced?

Answer 16

85% in kidney

15% in hepatocytes

Question 17

What is the function of erythropoietin in red blood cell formation?

Answer 17

It speeds up maturation.

2-3 day delay between increase in erythropoietin and maturation.

Question 18

What are possible causes for hypoxia?

Answer 18

Haemorrhage
Anaemia - presents alongside renal disease.

Cardiac dysfunction
Lung disease

Question 19

Describe some characteristics of leukocytes?

Answer 19

Nucleated
Larger than RBCs
Involved in the defence against pathogens.

Question 20

Name the 3 subdivisions of Granuloycytes?

Answer 20

Neutrophils (68%)
Eosinophils (1%)
Basophils (<1%)

Question 21

Name the 2 subdivisions of Agranulocytes?

Answer 21

Monocytes (5%)

Lymphocytes( 25%)

Question 22

After 72hrs what is the fate of monocytes?

Answer 22

Migrate to connective tissue of lungs and liver and become macrophages. Involved in immune system.

Question 23

What is the function of cytokines?

Answer 23

Stimulate mitosis and maturation of leukocytes

Question 24

What type of infection causes an increase in neutrophils?

Answer 24

Bacterial