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DMD 5243 > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A

transportation, regulation, protection

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2
Q

average blood volume

A

4-6 L

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3
Q

normal blood temperature

A

38 C or 100.4 F

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4
Q

pH of blood

A

7.35 - 7.45

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5
Q

t/f. blood is highly viscous.

A

t

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6
Q

hemocrit

A

percent of blood volume made of rbcs
males - 40-54%
females - 37-47%

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7
Q

percent plasma in blood

A

55%

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8
Q

percent buffy coat

A

less than 1%

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9
Q

percent erythrocytes in blood

A

44%

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10
Q

buffy coat

A

leukocytes and platelets

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11
Q

blood doping

A

donating rbcs to yourself
favorable affects performance
very dangerous - increased blood viscosity

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12
Q

composition of plasma

A

water - 92%
proteins - 7%
other solutes likes electrolytes and waste

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13
Q

proteins in plasma

A

albumin - 60%
globulins - 35%
fibrinogen - 4%
reg proteins 1%

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14
Q

hemoglobin

A

red pigment

binds and transports o2 and co2

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15
Q

abundance of rbcs per 1L whole blood

A

males - 4.5-6.3 mil

females - 4.2-5.5 mil

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16
Q

characteristics of rbcs

A 
no nuc or organelles
biconcave disks
hemoglobin
stacks called rouleaux
bendable
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17
Q

life cycle of an erythrocyte

A

formation in bone marrow
circulate in bloodstream for 120 days
aged erythrocytes phagocytosed in liver and spleen
heme is recycled/secreted by bile in liver
membrane proteins and globilins are broken down and reused

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18
Q

hemogolobin structure

A

quaternary

4 globular proteins, each with one molecule of heme and iron ion

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19
Q

hemoglobin breakdown

A

phagocytes break it down:
globular proteins into AA
heme to biliverdin
iron

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20
Q

hemoglobinuria

A

Hb breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream

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21
Q

hematuria

A

whole rbcs in urine due to kidney or tissue damage

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22
Q

breakdown of biliverdin

A

biliverdin (green) is converted into bilirubin (yellow) then is excreted by liver (bile)

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23
Q

iron recycling

A

once removed from Hb, it goes to transport proteins or storage proteins

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24
Q

erythropoiesis

A

myeloid tissue

stem cells to mature rbcs

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25
what do you need to make rbcs
AA, iron, vit B12 and B6, folic acid
26
erythropoietin
stimulating hormone for erythropoiesis
27
evolution of stem cells to rbcs
from red bone marrow, you get hemocytoblasts, then myeloid stem cells, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte (loses nucleus), erythrocyte (rbc)
28
polycythemia
too many erythrocytes (ex: blood doping)
29
anemia
too few rbcs = low o2 levels iron deficiency anemia sickle cell anemia
30
blood types
ABO, Rh
31
type AB
has AB antigens, no antibodies | universal recipient
32
type O
has no antigens, both AB antibodies | universal donor
33
Rh factor dilema
If a mom is Rh-, then has a baby with Rh+, the mom will give birth to her first healthy child, however she will develop Rh+ antibodies. When she has her second baby who is Rh+, the mom's antibodies will kill the baby's rbc. can prevent with RhoGAM shot.
34
agglutination
test to see if blood types are compatible
35
leukocyte characteristics
larger than erythrocytes no Hb have nucleus and organelles (wbcs)
36
wbc functions
initiate immune response defend against pathogens remove toxins and wastes attack abnormal cells
37
diapedesis
wbcs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
38
chemotaxis
wbc are attracted to site of infection
39
neutrophil
granulocyte 50-70% of wbcs first to attack phagocytizes pathogens
40
eosinophil
granulocyte 2-4% of wbcs destroys paracytes with toxic compounds
41
basophil
granulocyte less than 1% of wbcs release histamine and heparin (dialate blood and prevent clotting)
42
lymphocyte
``` agranulocyte 20-30% of wbcs larger than rbcs T/B cells and natural killers migrates in and out of blood, resides in lymph tissue ```
43
monocyte
agranulocyte 2-8% of wbcs becomes macrophage phagocytotizes pathogens and debris
44
b lymphocytes
humoral immunity differentiate into plasma synthesize antibodies
45
t lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity | attack foreign cells directly
46
natural killer cells
detect and destroy abnormal tissue (cancers) | does not look for a tag
47
wbc production
myeloid stem cells - all wbc except lymphocytes | lymphoid stem cells - lymphopoiesis
48
normal wbc count
5k-10k per liter of blood
49
leukocytosis
high wbc count
50
leukopenia
low wbc count
51
leukemia
high abnormal leukocytes | cancer cells take over bone marrow and slow production of eythrocytes and throbocytes
52
thrombocytes
``` cell fragments (platelets) live for 8-12 days until removed by spleen ```
53
platelet count
150k-500k per microliter thrombocytopenia - low platelet thrombocytosis - high platelet
54
functions of platelets
release clotting chemicals temporarily patch damaged vessel walls reduce size of a break in the vessel wall
55
hemostasis
cessation of bleeding in 3 + 1 steps
56
vascular phase
trauma, then 30 min later, blood vessel will shrink/contract
57
platelet phase
the cut happens, then a reaction occurs that makes platelets spiky and sticky to form a patch
58
coagulation phase
13 blood factors will enter common pathway: factor 10 from in/extrinsic pathway will stimulate prothrobinase which will stimulate prothrombin into thrombin thrombin will stimulate fibrinogen into fibrin that will form bt platelets to form coagulation
59
intrinsic pathway
stimulate platelets that accumulated in previous step
60
extrinsic pathway
tissue damages itself (faster with fewer steps
61
retraction phase
platelets stick to fibrin meshwork, then contract
62
hemopoisis
production of formed elements (erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoiesis)

DMD 5243 (11 decks)

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