Block E 1

Question 1

difference between archaea and bacteria

Answer 1

-more chem and structurally diverse
-semi rigid lattice of pseudomurein, sugars, proteins, or glycoproteins
-NO PEPTODOGLYCAN

Question 2

4 ways in which archaea lipids are unique

Answer 2

-ether linked lipids (not ester)
-side chains are branced isoprenes (not fatty acids)
-different chiral form of glycerol (L)
-some possess lipid monolayers

Question 3

archaeal flagella are superficially similar to bacterial flagella but what are archaeal flagella considered to be

Answer 3

non homologous
(convergent evolution)

Question 4

how are bacterial flagella produced

Answer 4

by addition of flagellin subunits at the tip

Question 5

how are archaeal flagella produced

Answer 5

by addition of flagellin subunits at the base

Question 6

main difference of bacterial flagella compared to archaeal

Answer 6

bacterial are thicker and hollow allowing flagellin sub units to pass through

Question 7

what are the 5 major groups that archaea are split into

Answer 7

-euryarchaeota
-crenarchaeota
-thaumarchaeota
-korarchaeota
-nanoarchaeota

Question 8

what do these key genera belong to
halobacterium
haloferax
natronobacterium

Answer 8

euryarchaeota
(haloarchaea)

Question 9

what do halophiles have a requirement for

Answer 9

high salt concs

Question 10

where are haloarchaea found

Answer 10

artificial saline habitats (salted foods)

Question 11

how do haloarchaea reproduce

Answer 11

binary fission

Question 12

what do haloarchaea not form

Answer 12

resting stages or spores
(most are non motile)

Question 13

what adaptation do haloarchaea possess that allow them to live in highly ionic concentrations

Answer 13

cell wall is composed of glycoprotein and stabilized by Na

Question 14

how do halophiles maintain osmotic balance

Answer 14

accumulation/synthesis of compatible solutes

Question 15

how do halobacterium maintain osmotic balance

Answer 15

pump large amount of K into the cell from the environment
(intracell K exceeds extracell Na= positive water balance)

Question 16

pH of halophile proteins

Answer 16

highly acidic

Question 17

what are some haloarchaea capable of

Answer 17

light driven synthesis of ATP

Question 18

what do proteins of halophiles contain fewer of

Answer 18

hydrophobic amino acids and lysine residues

Question 19

what group does this key genera belong to
methanobacterium
methanocaldoccus
methanosarcina

Answer 19

methanogens

Question 20

what are methanogens

Answer 20

microbes that produce CH4

Question 21

4 examples of cell wall chemistry diversity that methanogens have

Answer 21

pseudomurein
methanochondroition
protein or glycoprotein
S-layers

Question 22

how many substrates do methanogens have

Answer 22

11
divided into 3 classes, and can be converted to CH4 by pure cultures of methanogens

Question 23

how can other compounds (eg glucose) be converted to glucose

Answer 23

cooperative reactions between methanogens and other anaerobic acteria

Question 24

what group does the following key genera belong to
thermoplasma
picrophilus
ferroplasma

Answer 24

thermoplasmatales

Question 25

what can be said about the heat and pH adapatability of thermoplasmatales

Answer 25

thermophillic and/or extrememly acidophilioc

Question 26

what do thermoplasma and ferroplasma lack

Answer 26

cell walls

Question 27

how does thermoplasma obtain their energy

Answer 27

chemorganotrophs

Question 28

thermoplasma are facultative aerobes via what

Answer 28

sulfur respiration

Question 29

where is thermoplasma found

Answer 29

self heating coal piles

Question 30

what has thermoplasma evolved to maintain +ve osmotic balance

Answer 30

unique cytoplasmic membrane structure
lipoglycan consisting of tetraether lipid monolayer membrane with mannose and glucose
does not contain sterols

Question 31

how does ferroplasma obtain energy

Answer 31

chemolithotrophic

Question 32

how does ferroplasma generate acid

Answer 32

oxidises Fe2 to Fe3

Question 33

what pH do picrophilus grow at

Answer 33

pH 7
extreme acidophiles

Question 34

what are picrophilus known for

Answer 34

being a model microbe for extreme acid tolerance

Question 35

what groups does this key genera belong to
thermococcus
pyrococcus
methanopyrus

Answer 35

thermococcales and methanopyrus

Question 36

where are thermococcus and pyrococcus indigenous to

Answer 36

anoxic themal waters

Question 37

how to crenarchaeota obtain energy

Answer 37

chemoorganotrophs or chemolithotrophs with diverse electron donors and acceptors

Question 38

where are most cultured representatives of crenarchaetoa found

Answer 38

extreme hot or cold environments
most are hyperthermophiles

Question 39

where do sulfolobales grow

Answer 39

sulfur ruch acidic hot springs

Question 40

where do acidianus live

Answer 40

acidic sulfur hot springs

Question 41

what to lab exp with biomolecules suggest the upper limit for microbial life

Answer 41

140-150 degrees cel.

Question 42

what adaptations have been made to allow lipid stability for life at high temps

Answer 42

possess dibiphytanyl tetraether type lipids
form lipid monolayer membrane structure

Question 43

what adaptations have been made to allow small subunit (SSU) rRNA stability

Answer 43

higher GC content

Question 44

where is reverse DNA gyrase only found

Answer 44

in hyperthermophiles

Question 45

on what branch are hyperthermophilic archaea and bacteria found on phylogenetic tree

Answer 45

deepest shortest branches