Block C 3 Flashcards
exploiting fungi
what are fungal natural products
microbial metabolites produced by fungi
what was the golden age of drug discovery
1920’s-70’s
source of b-lactam
natural and semi-synthetic
mode of action of b-lactam
inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall synthesis
what prevents transpeptidation (cross linking of peptidoglycan)
irreversible binding of PBPs
what is one of the most important groups of antibiotics
b-lactam
what is penicillin resistant to
beta-lactamase- methicillin flucloxacillin
what is penicillin G
broad spectrum
targets of penillin G
most gram +ve bacteria and some gram -ve cocci
(eg staphylococcal and pneumococcal infections)
mode of action of penicillin G
inactivates the penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) located within the bacterial cell wall
what does penicillin G interfere with
cross linking of peptidoglycan
weakening
cell lysis
what is cepalosporins produced by
acremonium
name of the drug that belongs to the cephalosporins family
cefoxitin
how does cefoxitin act
by interfering with cell wall synthesis
what does cefoxitin act on
broad range of gram -ve and +ve bacteria including anaerobes
what are echinocandins
an antifungal
mode of action of echinocandins
inhibits the synthesis of glucan in the cell wall
what is caspofungin a derivative from
fermentation product of the fungus Glarea lozoyensis
how is caspofungin administered
intravenously
target of caspofungin
fungal infections caused by aspergillus and candida sp.
why does caspofungin have clinical application
due to their solubility, antifungal spectrum and pharmacokinetic properties
target of micafungin
treatment of candidemia, candida peritonitis, abscesses and esophageal candidiasis
what type of lipopeptide is micafungin
cyclic
how is micafungin administered
intravenously
source of micafungin
semi synthetic
what is micafungin derived from
natural product of the fungus cleophama empedri
mode of action of micafungin
noncompetitively inhibits the fungal specific enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase
target of anidulafungin
candida
aspergillus
mode of action of anidulafungin
inhibits 1,3 beta-D-glucan synthase
what does echinocandin B undergo by the action of what enzyme
deacylation by action of deacylase enzyme
mode of action of mitosis inhibitors
interfering with fungal mitosis
disruption of microtubule aggregation
what is the target of griseofulvin
number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm)
2 types of statins
lovastatin
mevastatin
what produces lovastatin
aspergillus terreus and oyster mushroom
what produces mevastatin
penicillium citrinum
what do statins do
lower blood cholesterol levels preventing problems of the circulatory system
example of immunosuppressant
cyclosporine
what produces cyclosporine
tolypocladium inflatum
what is cyclosporine used to treat
rheumatoid arthritis
psoriasis
crohns
nephrotic syndrome
what is the drug that is present in magic mushrooms
psilocybin
fungi of what genus is used to ripen many cheese
penicillium
what cheeses are penicillium roqueforti or penicillium glaucum used for
blue cheese
roquefort, blue stilton, lanark blue
what cheeses are penicillium candidum and penicillium camemberti used for
brie and camembert
what fungi is quorn made out of
fusarium venenatum
what is produced from saccharomyces cerevisiae
marmite
sourdough
what fungi is bakers yeast
saccharomyces cerevisiae
what helps dough rise
fermentation
what does fermentation produce
CO2
what is citric acid produced by
aspergillus sp.
what is citric acid used as
an acidifier
flavouring
chelating aagent
what is acetic acid produced by
various species of yeast
industrial uses for acetic acid
production of cellulose acetate for photographic film
what produces ethanol
saccharomyces cerevisiae
what have saccharomyces yeasts been genetically engineered to ferment
xylose
what is the mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots essential for
productivity of farm land
what % of trees and grasses would not survive without fungal partner in root systems
80-90%
what does white rot fungi digest
moist wood
what does brown rot fungi digest
dead wood
what can white and brown rot fungi be used for
alternative production of energy from cellulosic biomass
what is bio-degradation
removal of oil spills are heavy fuels in the sea
fungi can utilise long chain hydrocarbons
many advances in modern genetics were achieved by use of what mould
red bread mould
neurospora crassa
what originally served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes
saccharomyces cerevisiae
what does YAC stand for
yeast artificial chromosomes
what are YAKs
genetically engineered chr dervived from the DNA of saccharocyces cerevisiae
which is then ligated into bacterial plasmid
what is the name given to the act of cloning and physically mapping DNA sequences
chromosome walking
what was chr walking and YACs initially used for
human genome project
what were YAKs abandoned for due to stability issues
BACs
what does BAC stand for
bacterial artificial chromosomes
