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BM211: Introduction to Microbiology > Block D Lecture 3 - Virial Disease > Flashcards

Block D Lecture 3 - Virial Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 5 examples of physical defences we have against virial infection?

A

Skin
Mucus
Ciliated epithelium
Gastric Acid
Bile
(Slide 2)

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2
Q

What is immunopathogenesis?

A

The process by which the immune system contributes to the development and progression of disease
(Slide 4)

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3
Q

What are the 6 different types of immunopathogenesis?

A

Flu-like symptoms
Delayed type hypersensitivity and inflammation
Immune complex disease
Haemorrhagic disease
Post-infection cytolysis
Immunosuppression
(Slide 4)

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4
Q

What are the immune mediators which mediate the “flu-like symptoms” class of immunopathogenesis?

A

Interferons and lymphokines
(Slide 4)

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5
Q

What are the immune mediators that mediated the “delayed type hypersensitivity and inflammation” class of immunopathogenesis?

A

T cells, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes
(Slide 4)

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6
Q

What immune mediators mediate the “immune complex disease” class of immunogenesis?

A

Antibodies and complement
(Slide 4)

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7
Q

What immune mediators mediate the “haemorrhagic disease” class of immunipathogenesis?

A

T cells, antibodies and complement
(Slide 4)

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8
Q

What immune mediator mediates the “post-infection cytolysis” class of immunopathogenesis?

A

T cells
(Slide 4)

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9
Q

What immune mediators mediate the “immunosuppression” class of immunopathogenesis?

A

The “immunosuppression” class of immunopathogenesis has no immune mediators.
(Slide 4)

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10
Q

What cells produce α-interferon?

A

Leukocytes
(Slide 5)

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11
Q

What cells produce ß-interferon?

A

Fibroblasts
(Slide 5)

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12
Q

What 2 cell types produce γ-interferon?

A

T cells and NK cells
(Slide 5)

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13
Q

Are the α,ß and γ interferons acid-stable?

A

The α and ß interferons are acid stable whereas the γ-interferon is acid-labile
(Slide 5)

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14
Q

What does acid-labile mean?

A

A drug which is easily destroyed in an acidic environment
(Slide 5)

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15
Q

What kind of proteins are α,ß and γ-interferons?

A

The α-interferon is a non glycosylated protein whereas the ß and γ-interferons are glycoproteins
(Slide 5)

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16
Q

What are the 3 different ways in which interferons can be released into the immune system?

A

Cell detecting a dsRNA virial intermediate
Cell detecting virial inhibition of cellular protein synthesis
Enveloped virus interaction with a rare blood leukocyte
(Slide 6)

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17
Q

What is the first step of the mechanism of action of interferons?

A

They are released from the initially infected cell
(Slide 6)

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18
Q

What occurs in the mechanism of action of interferons are they are released from an infected cell?

A

They bind to their specific receptor on another cell (but not on the initial infected cell)
(Slide 6)

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19
Q

What occurs in the mechanism of action of interferons after they bind to their specific receptors on other cells?

A

The interferon induces the “antiviral state” and synthesis of protein kinase, 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthase and ribonuclease L
(Slide 6)

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20
Q

What does interferons inducing the “antiviral state” in a cell and synthesis of protein kinase, 2’-5’ oligoadenylate synthase, and ribonuclease L lead to?

A

Protein synthesis being blocked, therefore preventing virial mRNA from being translated, stopping virial replication
(Slide 6)

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21
Q

What are the 4 basic steps in virial disease?

A

Acquisition
Initiation of infection
Incubation period
Infection of target tissue
(Slide 7)

22
Q

What are the 2 main factors which affect the “nature of a disease”?

A

Access to target tissue
The strain of virial pathogen
(Slide 8)

23
Q

What are the 6 factors which affect a virus’s access to its target tissue?

A

Entrance portal (where it enters the body)

Ability to cross mucous epithelial cells

Stability of the virus in the body
(resistance to temperature, acidic conditions etc)

Ability to establish viremia

Tissue tropism

Cellular permissiveness for virus replication
(Slide 8)

24
Q

What are 2 factors which affects a virus’s tissue tropism?

A

Specificity of viral attachment proteins
Tissue specific expression of receptors
(Slide 8)

25
Q

What are 4 types of viral infections at the cellular level?

A

Abortive
Transformation
Cytolytic
Persistent
(Slide 9)

26
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of persistent viral infections?

A

Chronic and latent
(Slide 9)

27
Q

Are viruses produced in the absorptive type of cellular viral infections and what is the fate of the cell?

A

No virus production occurs resulting in no effect in the fate of the cell
(Slide 9)

28
Q

Does virus production occur in the transformation type of cellular viral infection and what is the fate of the cell?

A

No virus production occurs and the cell fate is that is it turned into a tumour
(Slide 9)

29
Q

Does virus production occur in the cytolytic type of cellular viral infection and what is the fate of the cell?

A

The virus does replicate (virus production occurs) and the fate of the cell is that it dies
(Slide 9)

30
Q

Does virus production occur in the chronic type of persistent cellular viral infection and what is the cell fate?

A

Virus production occurs and the cell becomes senescence (where the cell permanently stops dividing but doesn’t die)
(Slide 9)

31
Q

Does virial replication occur in the latent type of persistent viral cell infections and what is the fate of the cell?

A

There is no virus production lead to no effect on the fate of the cell
(Slide 9)

32
Q

What is cytopathogenesis?

A

Cytopathogenesis refers to the process by which pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria, cause damage to host cells, tissues, or organs
(Slide 11)

33
Q

What does cytopathologic activity of the virus depend on?

A

Efficiency of viral replication of the cell
(Slide 10)

34
Q

How can a virus infection become “immortalised”?

A

When a virus infects a very permissive cell, it can consistently infect and replicate within the cell
(Slide 10)

35
Q

What are 4 examples of cytopathological activity which a virus can induce?

A

it can change a cell’s macromolecular synthesis
Cytotoxic virial proteins can accumulate
Non-specific histological changes such as vacuolisation
Apoptosis
(Slide 10)

36
Q

What are histological changes?

A

Changes in the microscopic appearance of tissues or cells, typically observed under a microscope upon histological examination
(Slide 10)

37
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of viral cytopathogenesis?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis
Inhibition and degradation of DNA
Alteration of membrane structure
Inclusion bodies
Toxicity of virion components
(Slides 11 and 12)

38
Q

What are the 4 subclasses of the “alteration of membrane structure” mechanism of viral cytopathogenesis?

A

Glycoprotein insertion
Disruption of cytoskeleton
Syncytia formation
Permeability
(Slide 11)

39
Q

What are the 6 subclasses in the “inclusion body” class of mechanisms of viral cytopathogenesis?

A

Negri bodies
Owls eye
Cowdy type A
Intranuclear basophilic
Intranuclear acidophilic
Perinuclear cytoplasmic acidophilic
(Slide 12)

40
Q

What are 5 factors which can affect the severity of a viral disease?

A

Answers Inlcude:
Cytopathic ability of the virus
Virus inoculum size
Length of time before the infection is resolved
General health of the host
Genetics of the virus and host
Age
Immune status
Immunopathology

41
Q

What are 2 factors which can affect the general health of the host?

A

Nutrition and another disease affecting the immune system
(Slide 13)

42
Q

What are 2 factors which can affect the immune status of the host?

A

Competence of the immune system (children have a new immune system)
Prior immunity to the virus
(Slide 13)

43
Q

What is an inapparent infection?

A

Cases of infection in which the individual shows no overt clinical symptoms or signs of illness
(Slide 15)

44
Q

What are the 5 scenarios in which an infection can remain inapparent?

A

Infected tissue is undamaged
Infection controlled before the virus reaches target tissue
Target tissue is expendable
Damaged tissue rapidly repaired
Extent of damage is below functional threshold
(Slide 15)

45
Q

Why would an infection want to stay inapparent?

A

So it can transmit itself to other people (the host may want to avoid doing this if they are aware of the infection)
(Slide 15)

46
Q

What are 4 disease / viral factors which promote viral transmission?

A

Stability of the virion in environment
Transfer of the virus into transmissible aerosols or secretion
Asymptomatic transmission
Ineffective of immune response to control reoccurrence
(Slide 16)

47
Q

What are 5 mechanisms of viral transmission?

A

Answers include:
Aerosols
Food / water
Fomites (objects which are likely to carry infection)
Sexual contact or direct contact with secretions
Birth
Blood transfusion / infection / organ transplant
Zoonoses (animals)
Genetic (such as retroviruses)
(Slide 17)

48
Q

What are 5 risk factors of getting a viral infection?

A

Answers include:
Age
Health
Immune status
Occupation
Travel history
Lifestyle
Sexual Activity
Children
(Slide 18)

49
Q

What are 4 geographical / seasonal factors which can influence viral transmission?

A

Presence of co-factors in the environment
Habitat and season for arthropod vectors
Winters
Summers
(Slide 19)

50
Q

What are 5 different means to control a virus?

A

Quarantine
Elimination of vector
Antiviral agents
Immunisation
Changes in life-style
(Slide 20)

51
Q

What are the 2 different types of immunisation?

A

Natural infection and Vaccination
(Slide 20)

BM211: Introduction to Microbiology (21 decks)

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