Block C Workshop - Yeast Genetics Flashcards
What is S. cerevisiae used as a model for?
To study aging, the cell cycle, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism
(Slide 3)
What are the biotechnological uses of yeast and fungi?
Fermentations, productions of biopharmaceuticals, biocatalysts and recombinant proteins
(Slide 5)
What is the doubling time of S. cerevisiae?
~ 90 mins
(Slide 6)
What 2 conformations can the 4 haploid spores in a tetrad be arranged in?
Ordered or Unordered
(Slide 8)
What are the 3 different types of gene segregation which can occur in a tetrad?
Parental ditype (PD)
Nonparental ditype (NPD)
Tetratype (T)
(Slide 9)
What is the parental ditype (PD) of gene segregation in a tetrad?
Two pairs of spores, with each pair containing the same genotype of one of the 2 parental spores
(Slide 9)
What is the nonparental ditype (NPD) of segregation in a tetrad?
Two pairs of spores, with each pair differing from both the parental spores and each other
(Slide 9)
What is the Tetratype (T) of segregation in a tetrad?
4 unique spores, each containing a different combination of alleles resulting from genetic recombination between the 2 parental chromosomes
(Slide 9)
What does it mean if the ratio of parental ditype (PD) is higher than the ratio of nonparental ditype (NPD) gene segregation in tetrads?
That the observed genetic loci are linked
(Slide 11)
What does it mean if the ratio of parental ditype (PD), nonparental ditypes (NPD) and tetratype (T) is 1:1:4?
It indicates independent assortment and therefore there is no linkage between the observed genetic loci
(Slide 11)
If genes are linked, what is the formula to estimate map distance (D) in centiMorgans (cM)?
D = 100(6NPD + T) / 2(PD + T + NPD)
(Slide 12)
What can homologous recombination be used for?
To knock-out or knock-in
(Slide 18)
What are CRISPR-Cas technologies used for?
Gene editing
(Slide 18)
What are the 2 proteins of interest in a yeast two-hybrid experiment called?
“Bait” and “Prey” proteins
(Slide 19)
What are the “bait” and “prey” proteins fused to in a yeast two-hybrid experiment?
GAL4 domains
(Slide 19)
What does the interaction between the “bait” and “prey” proteins in a yeast two-hybrid experiment lead to?
Their interactions lead to the GAL4 domains being in close proximity of each other, leading to the reporter gene being transcribed
(Slide 19)
What is a common caveat of the yeast two-hybrid experiment?
Many false-positives and false-negatives
(Slide 19)
What are 2 examples of variations of the yeast two-hybrid experiments and what is the difference?
One-hybrid and three-hybrid variations, which involve different arrangements of the “bait” and “prey” proteins
(Slide 19)
What are protein localisation studies used to study?
Protein function
(Slide 22)
What are genes fused to in protein localisation studies?
Green fluorescent protein (gfp) or another fluorescent reporter gene
(Slide 22)
What can be used to mark a gene other than a fluorescent reporter gene in protein localisation study?
Immunofluorescence
(Slide 22)
What 2 things to do with the reporter gene in protein localisation study?
The position of the tag (whether it’s the N or C- terminals) and so is the choice of reporter gene
(Slide 22)
How can co-localisation be studied in a protein localisation study?
Using different fluorescent reporters
(Slide 22)
What can random or targeted mutagenesis lead to?
The development of new isolates that demonstrate the improved productivity and / or growth
(Slide 23)
How can we design genetic engineering strategies for optimising production yields?
By understanding yeast metabolism and bio-synthetic pathways of specific products
(Slide 23)
