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Geography - A - Global Governance > Block 7 (Global Flows Of Shipping + Sea Cables) > Flashcards

Block 7 (Global Flows Of Shipping + Sea Cables) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define trade

A

Movement of goods + services from producers to consumers

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2
Q

What percentage of global trade is carried by sea?

A

90%

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3
Q

Since the 1990s how much has the number of ships at sea increased by?

A

400%

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4
Q

By what percentage does global trade grow annually (not including recession years)?

A

2%

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5
Q

What type of nations does trade mostly occur between?

A

Developed, affluent nations

Increasing between developing nations

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6
Q

What is the top exporter of goods?

A

China

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7
Q

What are the 3 main types of trade over oceans we look at?

A
  • Oil
  • Container shipping
  • Seafloor data cables
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8
Q

What are intermodal containers?

A

Large-capacity storage units of a standardised size that can be transported long distances using multiple types of transport

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9
Q

When did containerise happen? By who?

A 
1956
Malcolm McLean (Newark -> Maersk)
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10
Q

How much did containerise cut transport costs by?

A

75%

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11
Q

What are the 3 main changes that have happened to container shipping?

A

1) Containerism (size of containers same since 1956)
2) Increase in size/capacity of ships (90% bigger, can now carry 18,000 containers)
3) Increase in number of ships (400% more)

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12
Q

What is the current issue with container shipping? Give an example

A

Too many ships (growth in capacity + fleet size has exceeded growth rate of trade)
E.g. Hanjan Shipping Company bankrupt in 2016

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13
Q

What happens to container ships when they are old? Give an example

A

Shipbreaking

Often in LICs - e.g. provides 40,000 jobs in Bangladesh

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14
Q

What percentage of global maritime trade is oil?

A

30%

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15
Q

How has oil shipping changed (3 ways)?

A

1) Increased capacity of tanker fleet (up 73% since 2000)
2) Size of tankers changes (based on chokepoint size)
3) Amount of oil traded changes (based on global demand)

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16
Q

What is the most used oil chokepoint?

A

Strait of Hormuz

17
Q

How is shipping managed?

A
  • UNCLOS allows ships ‘innocent passage’ through territorial waters of any state
  • International Maritime Organisation (IMO) regulates shipping industry, trying to promote safety of life at sea + protection of the marine environment
18
Q

Give 2 examples of environmental protection during shipping that the IMO might promote?

A

1) Double hulls on oil tankers

2) No washing out empty oil tankers in seawater

19
Q

What 3 illegal flows across oceans are increasing alongside the increase of shipping?

A

1) Human trafficking
2) People smuggling
3) Illegal goods trading

20
Q

How can globalisation increase illegal flows of goods across oceans?

A
  • Deregulation of shipping (because there is so much) which is exploited
  • Global marketing of illegal goods
  • Emergence of global criminal organisations working across continents
21
Q

Give some details for human trafficking

A
  • Generates approx $30 bill/yr

- Approx 2.4 mill victims from 127 countries

22
Q

Give some details for people smuggling

A
  • Europe has 70,000km coastline, often poorly monitored

- E.g. 2015, over 700 guns seized in London, smuggled from E.Europe ship

23
Q

How are the growth of illegal flows (people + goods) over oceans being managed?

A

Currently a lack of international management

E.g. human trafficking - increase in navy patrols
E.g. smuggling - more efforts to strengthen border controls

24
Q

What percentage of internet data travels across the oceans via seafloor cables?

A

90%

25
Q

Outline an example of a seafloor data cable

A

SEA-ME-WE-3

  • Operational since 2000
  • Longest (20,000km)
  • 39 landing points in 33 countries
26
Q

What is the distribution of seafloor cables?

A
  • Uneven

- Focused on developed countries where demand for ICT is higher

27
Q

Who owns most seafloor data cables? Why?

A

MNCs (e.g. Google)

They are expensive - require joint investment from MNCs

28
Q

Give an example of a seafloor data cable owned by an MNC

A

Grace Hopper Data Cable

  • Owned by Google
  • To connect: US, UK, Spain
  • Announced in 2020 + due to go live in 2022
29
Q

How have seafloor data cables changed? Give 3 ways

A

1) Increased demand (increasing by 40% per yr)
2) Cheaper
3) Faster

30
Q

How can seafloor data cables facilitate the 4 types of globalisation?

A

Economic: MNCs can expand supply chains + sell goods globally
Social: Access to foreign friends/family, access to online healthcare + education (E.g. MOOCs)
Cultural: Spread of language/music
Political: online communication on issues

31
Q

Give an example of social globalisation through seafloor data cables

A
  • Liquid Telecom partnered with charity BRCK Education

- Provides remote education to Kenyan children

32
Q

Give an example of cultural globalisation through seafloor data cables

A

Despacito (2017)

First vid to get 3 bill views

33
Q

How many seafloor cable faults are there per yr?

A

Approx 100

34
Q

Where are seafloor cables at greatest risk?

A

In deep water - they are less thick

35
Q

List 5 risks to seafloor data cables

A

1) Earthquakes - can trigger undersea landslides + erosion
2) Tsunamis - can trigger undersea landslides + erosion
3) Meteorological causes - storm surges + heavy rainfall can damage
4) Fishing + anchoring - nets + anchors drag along damaging seabed
5) Intentional cable cut - sabotage is rare but can happen

36
Q

What is the most common cause of seafloor data cable faults?

A

Fishing + anchoring

70% of faults

37
Q

Give an example of a human cause of a seafloor data cable fault

A

Intentional Cable Cut

  • 2003
  • 3 men arrested near Egypt attempting to cut a cable
  • Caused 60% slower internet speeds
38
Q

Give an example of a natural cause of a seafloor data cable fault

A

Earthquake

  • 2006
  • Earthquake destroyed telecom link from Taiwan-Philippines
39
Q

How are seafloor data cables managed?

A

UNCLOS says…

  • Members can lay cables on EEZ + continental shelf
  • Members can establish no fishing/anchoring zones near cables
  • Members can penalise others for damaging cables in their EEZ

Geography - A - Global Governance (8 decks)

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