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Geography - A - Global Governance > Block 5 (Causes, Consequences + Management Of Rural-Urban Migration In Developing Countries) > Flashcards

Block 5 (Causes, Consequences + Management Of Rural-Urban Migration In Developing Countries) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define rural-urban migration

A

Movement from a rural area to an urban area

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2
Q

What is a high rate of rural-urban migration causing?

A

Urbanisation (increase in proportion of people living in large towns/cities)

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3
Q

What is the rate of rural-city migration since 2010?

A

Approx 3 mill people per week

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4
Q

In what type of countries is there the most rural-urban migration?

A

Developing countries

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5
Q

What is the average annual growth rate of cities in developing countries?

A

3%

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6
Q

What are the two overarching reasons for rural-urban migration in developing countries?

A

1) Push factors in rural areas

2) Pull factors in urban areas

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7
Q

List the 8 main push factors in rural areas causing rural-urban migration

A 
Poverty-based push factors…
- Mechanisation of agriculture
- MNCs
- Land degradation 
- Natural disasters
Other push factors…
- War/conflict
- New tech 
- Transport improvements
- Healthcare
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8
Q

How does mechanisation of agriculture act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A

Reduces need for labourers -> less employees -> more poverty

E.g. 60% sub-Saharan Africa rely on agriculture for an income, this will decrease

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9
Q

How do MNCs act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A
  • Increase rates of mechanisation (increasing poverty from unemployment)
  • Land grab for cash cropping (displacing people + reducing land for locals to make a livelihood)
  • Jobs created by MNCs can be low pay + lack security
  • MNCs may develop infrastructure such as roads, facilitating migration

E.g. Monsanto (agricultural company in Kenya) renowned for clashing with local farmers

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10
Q

How does land degradation act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A

Desertification + sub-division of land lowers yields, increasing poverty

E.g. Over 3 billion hectares land affected by desertification per year

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11
Q

How do natural disasters act as a push factor from rural areas?

A

Drought + similar natural disasters have a huge impact on the poor in developing farming communities, increasing poverty + triggering migration

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12
Q

How does war/conflict act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A

People often feel less protected from violence in quiet, rural areas - triggering migration to ‘safer’ cities

E.g. Boko Haram in Nigeria target rural areas

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13
Q

How does new tech act as a push factor from rural areas?

A

People realise the lack of opportunities due to less tech in their rural home, pushing them to migrate to an urban area

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14
Q

How do transport improvements act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A

Improving transport connectivity removes this intervening factor, making migration out of rural areas easier

E.g. Trans-Amazonian Highway

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15
Q

How does healthcare act as a push factor from rural areas? Give an example

A

Local diseases can have a huge impact due to poor healthcare services, people migrate away from the lack of provisions in rural areas

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16
Q

Define pull factors

A

Reasons people are attracted to new locations

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17
Q

Define push factors

A

Reasons people feel obliged to leave their home location

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18
Q

What is the main push factor from rural areas in developing countries ?

A

Poverty (caused by many factors)

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19
Q

What are the 3 main pull factors to urban areas?

A
  • Global supply chain
  • Export processing zones
  • Informal sector
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20
Q

What are the 3 main pull factors to urban areas all centred around?

A

Employment opportunities

21
Q

How does the global supply chain act as a pull factor to urban areas?

A

Creates employment opportunities in developing countries

  • MNCs rely on a global supply chain
  • Outsourcing + offshoring by MNCs is often to developing countries where cost is lower
  • People are attracted to the employment opportunities that consequently open up in urban areas of developing countries
22
Q

Define global supply chain

A

Worldwide network MNCs rely on to produce + distribute goods + services

23
Q

Define offshoring + give an example

A

MNCs move factories/offices abroad to take advantage of lower costs
E.g. Google have offices worldwide

24
Q

Define outsourcing + give an example

A

MNCs contract different companies abroad to produce some of their goods + services for a lower cost

E.g. Apple outsource to Foxconn in Shenzen

25
Q

Define export processing zone

A

Industrial zones set up by the gov to attract foreign investment + create employment (e.g. through tax incentives)

26
Q

How do export processing zones act as a pull factor to urban areas?

A

Create employment opportunities in developing countries

  • Industrial zones are set up in urban areas with specific benefits like tax incentives to attract foreign investment
  • Investment into these areas creates new jobs that people migrate for
27
Q

How many export processing zones are there currently?

A

Over 4000, making over 70 million jobs

28
Q

How does the informal sector act as a pull factor to urban areas?

A

Urban areas may offer informal jobs for migrants

29
Q

Give an example of rural-urban migrants getting jobs in the informal sector

A

Dharavi slum, Mumbai

  • Huge recycling business
  • Employs over 3000 people informally
30
Q

What are the consequences of rural-urban migration for rural areas?

A
  • Ageing demographic

- Falling economic productivity

31
Q

What are the consequences of rural-urban migration for urban areas?

A
  • Increased economic productivity
  • Rapid growth in cities + mega cities which causes issues…
    > Increased traffic congestion
    > Increased strain on housing
    > Increased strain on infrastructure
    > Increased competition for employment
32
Q

Are the consequences of rural-urban migration on rural areas mainly positive or negative?

A

Negative

33
Q

Are the consequences of rural-urban migration on urban areas mainly positive or negative?

A

Mixed

34
Q

How does rural-urban migration cause an ageing demographic in rural areas? Give an example

A
  • Young, economically active people (mainly men) most likely to migrate
  • Leaves an increasingly elderly, dependant population

E.g. 70% of India’s over 60s live in rural areas

35
Q

How does rural-urban migration cause falling economic productivity in rural areas? Give an example

A
  • Ageing demographic means fewer people contribute to the economy
  • Elderly less able to work in the predominant employment sector of primary agriculture: less economic gain, food security problems
  • Loss of the young + educated news there are fewer new innovative ideas that could boost the economy

E.g. China threatened by future lack of food security as 300 million young migrants have moved to industrial cities in the SE

36
Q

How does rural-urban migration cause increased economic productivity in urban areas?

A
  • Most migrants move to urban areas seeking jobs

- Filling these jobs increases economic output

37
Q

Define megacity

A

Urban area with a population of 10 million or more

38
Q

How much has there been an increase in mega cities globally since 1970?

A

1970: 3 mega cities
2020: 34 mega cities

39
Q

How has rural-urban migration caused an rapid growth in cities + mega cities in urban areas?

A

Mass-migration to urban areas causes them to grow significantly + strains their services and ability to function smoothly

40
Q

What are the 4 main issues with rapid increase in city size from rural-urban migration?

A
  • Increased traffic congestion
  • Increased strain on housing (often causes slum settlements)
  • Increased strain on infrastructure
  • Increased competition for employment (often causes informal sector growth)
41
Q

Give an example of a slum that has arisen because of rapid growth in an urban area?

A

Makoko Slum, Nigeria

  • Slum around Lagos Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria
  • Population of slum estimated over 250,000
  • Caused by strain on housing in Lagos
42
Q

What are the two types of strategies that have been implemented to manage rural-urban migration?

A
  • Top down strategies

- Bottom up strategies

43
Q

Define top-down strategies

A

Investment by government (top) in large projects to make areas better able to cope

44
Q

Give an example of a top-down strategy used to manage rural-urban migration

A

Government-funded construction projects of infrastructure + housing in China’s highly population urban area around Yangtze River Delta to reduce strain

45
Q

Give an example of a bottom-up strategy used to manage rural-urban migration

A

Kenya’s M-Pesa Mobile Service

  • Enables people to use phones to deposit, send + withdraw money
  • Can also be proof of good credit score, which has given women the ability to secure micro loans to start small businesses
  • Has massively improved rural economies, so people have less desire to leave rural areas in search of money
  • 1/2 of Kenya’s GDP is transferred around the country using this
  • Recently funded by Safaricom (part of Vodaphone)
46
Q

Define bottom-up strategies

A

People in the local community (bottom) work to improve their own situation

47
Q

In rural areas, what do bottom-up strategies intend to do?

A

Prevent out-migration

48
Q

In urban areas what do bottom-up strategies intend to do?

A

Reduce the issues that come from in-migration

Geography - A - Global Governance (8 decks)

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