Block 3 (Consequences + Management Of International Economic Migration)

Question 1

What other flows can international economic migration trigger?

Answer 1

• Flows of money
• Flows of ideas
• Flows of tech

Question 2

How can economic migration cause flows of money?

Answer 2

• Remittances sent back to donor country

- Migrants boost workforce of host country, causing higher flow in

Question 3

How can economic migration cause flows of ideas?

Answer 3

• Migrants bring new cultural ideas to host country

- Migrants bring advanced ideas to host country (contributing to advanced sectors such as quaternary industry)

Question 4

How can economic migration cause flows of tech?

Answer 4

• Migrants bring upcoming tech breakthroughs to host country
• Migrants can send tech back to donor county in form of aid

Question 5

Define elite migrants

Answer 5

Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals - stimulate greatest flows

Question 6

Define host country

Answer 6

Country that receives migrants

Question 7

Define donor country

Answer 7

Country that loses migrants

Question 8

What positive effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on host countries?

Answer 8

• Fill skilled labour shortages
• Fill unskilled labour shortages
• Start successful new businesses (1/7 UK businesses with annual turnover over £1 mill founded by migrants)
• Positive multiplier effect when migrants spend money

Question 9

What positive effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on donor countries?

Answer 9

• Remittances sent back boost individual wealth + wealth of whole country through multiplier effect
• Return of migrants/children who have learnt skills abroad helps economy

Question 10

How much money is sent back to donor countries in remittances per year?

Answer 10

US $500 bill

Question 11

What negative effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on host countries?

Answer 11

• Services may be overstretched by greater population

- Social tension between two demographics (particularly as host country population often view migrants as job stealers)

Question 12

What negative effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on donor countries?

Answer 12

• Loss of workforce who contribute to economy (brain drain), leaving a dependent demographic
• Positive multiplier effect disappears as there is a reduction in spending
• No guarantee that remittances will account for economic losses

Question 13

Define interdependency

Answer 13

When two or more countries are mutually reliant on each other

Question 14

Are countries more or less interdependent now?

Answer 14

More

Question 15

Do migrant flows increase or decrease interdependency?

Answer 15

Increase

Question 16

Give 3 examples of economic interdependency

Answer 16

Growth of global trade + methods of production
(E.g. JLR Discovery - made in UK from parts across Europe)

Host countries’ economies rely on migrant labour
(E.g. Polish workforce in UK)

Donor countries rely on remittances after migration
(Can make up as much as 40% of poor states’ GDPs)

Question 17

Give an example of social interdependency

Answer 17

Economic interdependency (labour + remittances) make countries socially interdependent as they rely on each other to afford upkeeping social services + quality of life 
(E.g. Migrant workers in NHS)

Question 18

Give 2 examples of political interdependency

Answer 18

Increase in shared ‘wicked’ problems so joint organisations set up
(E.g. UN)

Interdependent countries less likely to enter conflict
(E.g. Golden Arches Theory)

Question 19

What is the Golden Arches Theory?

Answer 19

• Proposed by Thomas Friedmann
• Said 2 countries with a McDonalds have such economic + political interdependency that they wouldn’t go to war
• Exception = Russia + Ukraine

Question 20

Give an example of environmental interdependency

Answer 20

Countries collaborate to find environmental solutions to issues
(E.g. Kyoto Protocol - to control greenhouse gas emissions)

Question 21

What are the benefits of interdependency between countries?

Answer 21

• Decrease in likelihood of conflict (e.g. Golden Arches Theory)
• Helps solve large wicked problems (e.g. climate change)
• Helps with economic growth (e.g. supply of migrant labour in the EU maximises economic output)

Question 22

What are the issues with interdependency between countries?

Answer 22

• Issues in one country has a global effect (e.g. 2009 UK recession caused 15% drop in Estonia’s GDP - less remittances)
• Many view interdependency as a loss of sovereignty (e.g. UK citizens voted for BREXIT, many felt they were controlled by EU policy)

Question 23

Which case study is used to exemplify the consequences of international economic migration?

Answer 23

E.European/Polish Migration to the UK

Question 24

In 2017, did most migration policies want to: maintain current migration levels, reduce current migration levels or increase current migration levels?

Answer 24

Maintain (61%)

• Reduce = 13%
• Increase = 12%

Question 25

What dictates a country’s migration policy?

Answer 25

It is set by the country based on its current economic, social + political circumstances

Question 26

What 2 categories can migration laws be divided into?

Answer 26

• Immigration laws (legislation on moving into the country)

- Emigration laws (legislation on moving out of the country)

Question 27

Are immigration or emigration laws more common?

Answer 27

Immigration laws

Question 28

Give an example of a country which has legislation restricting immigration

Answer 28

UK

• Complex immigration policy (basic premise is Five Tier, Point Based System)
• Immigration policy does change over time based on country’s needs (E.g. 2018 - shortages in NHS, increased skilled workers allowed in)

Question 29

Outline the basic premise of the UK’s Five Tier, Point Based System for immigration

Answer 29

5 categories of migrants, each category needs diff no, of points

1) Entrepreneurs, investors + exceptional talent
- Very skilled workers
- Allowed to stay permanently after 3yrs if wage exceeds £200,000

2) Skilled Workers
- Skilled workers
- Get points for diff skills (e.g. language skills)
- Capped at annual 20,700 people

3) Unskilled Workers
- Only allowed from the EU

4) Students coming to study
- Must be able to: support themselves (financially), speak + write English

5) Short term, temporary workers
- E.g. entertainers, athletes, charity workers, etc

Question 30

Give an example of a country which has legislation encouraging immigration

Answer 30

15/20 of countries with largest number of citizens living abroad

• E.g. Mexico, Poland, China

Question 31

Give an example of a country with legislation restricting emigration

Answer 31

North Korea - need an exit visa to leave

Question 32

Why do most countries allow emigration?

Answer 32

UDHR Article 13

Everyone should have the right to leave any country, including their own

Question 33

What are 2 factors that may cause conflicting views around international migration?

Answer 33

The individual 
(E.g. Age - older people often view migration more negatively as see it as abandoning nationalism)

The location 
(E.g. Urban areas such as London- often view migration more positively as are more exposed to it and its benefits)

Question 34

Give an example of how conflicting views on migration can impact migration policy

Answer 34

US

• Negative views on immigration
• Viewed migrants as taking unskilled jobs + causing loss of US culture
• Caused Trump to tighten migration policy (e.g. Trump Wall)