Block 3 (Consequences + Management Of International Economic Migration) Flashcards
What other flows can international economic migration trigger?
- Flows of money
- Flows of ideas
- Flows of tech
How can economic migration cause flows of money?
- Remittances sent back to donor country
- Migrants boost workforce of host country, causing higher flow in
How can economic migration cause flows of ideas?
- Migrants bring new cultural ideas to host country
- Migrants bring advanced ideas to host country (contributing to advanced sectors such as quaternary industry)
How can economic migration cause flows of tech?
- Migrants bring upcoming tech breakthroughs to host country
- Migrants can send tech back to donor county in form of aid
Define elite migrants
Highly skilled and/or socially influential individuals - stimulate greatest flows
Define host country
Country that receives migrants
Define donor country
Country that loses migrants
What positive effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on host countries?
- Fill skilled labour shortages
- Fill unskilled labour shortages
- Start successful new businesses (1/7 UK businesses with annual turnover over £1 mill founded by migrants)
- Positive multiplier effect when migrants spend money
What positive effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on donor countries?
- Remittances sent back boost individual wealth + wealth of whole country through multiplier effect
- Return of migrants/children who have learnt skills abroad helps economy
How much money is sent back to donor countries in remittances per year?
US $500 bill
What negative effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on host countries?
- Services may be overstretched by greater population
- Social tension between two demographics (particularly as host country population often view migrants as job stealers)
What negative effects can migrants + the flows they trigger (of money, ideas, tech) have on donor countries?
- Loss of workforce who contribute to economy (brain drain), leaving a dependent demographic
- Positive multiplier effect disappears as there is a reduction in spending
- No guarantee that remittances will account for economic losses
Define interdependency
When two or more countries are mutually reliant on each other
Are countries more or less interdependent now?
More
Do migrant flows increase or decrease interdependency?
Increase
Give 3 examples of economic interdependency
Growth of global trade + methods of production
(E.g. JLR Discovery - made in UK from parts across Europe)
Host countries’ economies rely on migrant labour
(E.g. Polish workforce in UK)
Donor countries rely on remittances after migration
(Can make up as much as 40% of poor states’ GDPs)
Give an example of social interdependency
Economic interdependency (labour + remittances) make countries socially interdependent as they rely on each other to afford upkeeping social services + quality of life (E.g. Migrant workers in NHS)
Give 2 examples of political interdependency
Increase in shared ‘wicked’ problems so joint organisations set up
(E.g. UN)
Interdependent countries less likely to enter conflict
(E.g. Golden Arches Theory)
What is the Golden Arches Theory?
- Proposed by Thomas Friedmann
- Said 2 countries with a McDonalds have such economic + political interdependency that they wouldn’t go to war
- Exception = Russia + Ukraine
Give an example of environmental interdependency
Countries collaborate to find environmental solutions to issues
(E.g. Kyoto Protocol - to control greenhouse gas emissions)
What are the benefits of interdependency between countries?
- Decrease in likelihood of conflict (e.g. Golden Arches Theory)
- Helps solve large wicked problems (e.g. climate change)
- Helps with economic growth (e.g. supply of migrant labour in the EU maximises economic output)
What are the issues with interdependency between countries?
- Issues in one country has a global effect (e.g. 2009 UK recession caused 15% drop in Estonia’s GDP - less remittances)
- Many view interdependency as a loss of sovereignty (e.g. UK citizens voted for BREXIT, many felt they were controlled by EU policy)
Which case study is used to exemplify the consequences of international economic migration?
E.European/Polish Migration to the UK
In 2017, did most migration policies want to: maintain current migration levels, reduce current migration levels or increase current migration levels?
Maintain (61%)
- Reduce = 13%
- Increase = 12%
What dictates a country’s migration policy?
It is set by the country based on its current economic, social + political circumstances
What 2 categories can migration laws be divided into?
- Immigration laws (legislation on moving into the country)
- Emigration laws (legislation on moving out of the country)
Are immigration or emigration laws more common?
Immigration laws
Give an example of a country which has legislation restricting immigration
UK
- Complex immigration policy (basic premise is Five Tier, Point Based System)
- Immigration policy does change over time based on country’s needs (E.g. 2018 - shortages in NHS, increased skilled workers allowed in)
Outline the basic premise of the UK’s Five Tier, Point Based System for immigration
5 categories of migrants, each category needs diff no, of points
1) Entrepreneurs, investors + exceptional talent
- Very skilled workers
- Allowed to stay permanently after 3yrs if wage exceeds £200,000
2) Skilled Workers
- Skilled workers
- Get points for diff skills (e.g. language skills)
- Capped at annual 20,700 people
3) Unskilled Workers
- Only allowed from the EU
4) Students coming to study
- Must be able to: support themselves (financially), speak + write English
5) Short term, temporary workers
- E.g. entertainers, athletes, charity workers, etc
Give an example of a country which has legislation encouraging immigration
15/20 of countries with largest number of citizens living abroad
- E.g. Mexico, Poland, China
Give an example of a country with legislation restricting emigration
North Korea - need an exit visa to leave
Why do most countries allow emigration?
UDHR Article 13
Everyone should have the right to leave any country, including their own
What are 2 factors that may cause conflicting views around international migration?
The individual (E.g. Age - older people often view migration more negatively as see it as abandoning nationalism)
The location (E.g. Urban areas such as London- often view migration more positively as are more exposed to it and its benefits)
Give an example of how conflicting views on migration can impact migration policy
US
- Negative views on immigration
- Viewed migrants as taking unskilled jobs + causing loss of US culture
- Caused Trump to tighten migration policy (e.g. Trump Wall)