Block 1 (Globalisation, Migration + A Shrinking World) Flashcards
Define globalisation
The increased mobility of goods, service, labour, tech, capital, cultural and political systems across geographical boundaries
How has globalisation been able to be enhanced recently?
There are better international connections, due to advancements in technology
What are the four main strands of globalisation?
- Economic globalisation
- Political globalisation
- Social globalisation
- Cultural globalisation
What is economic globalisation?
- Growth of MNCs, accelerating cross-border exchange (trade) of raw materials, goods + investment
- Growth of ICT, accelerating global communication + data transfer, moving towards an international economy
What is political globalisation?
- Growth of trading blocs, reducing trade restrictions + growing global markets
- Growth of global organisations, improving political communication (e.g. The World Bank)
- Growth of international approaches to shared issues (e.g. oceans)
Define trading blocs
Political agreements between countries that trade together to make trade easier
What is social globalisation?
- Growth of cross-border family/friend networks, due to increased international migration
- Growth of social interconnectivity, due to new social media networks
What is cultural globalisation?
- Spreading of ‘successful’ Western cultural traits (‘Americanisation’) and other cultural ideas through migration + social networks
- Merging of multiple culture aspects, through glocalisation + hybridisation
Define glocalisation
Products + services are distributed globally, but adapted to fit local needs
Why does glocalisation occur?
- Economic reasons (to sell more products in different country)
- Political reasons (if the product/service wont fit the political system of another country in its regular form)
What is one negative of glocalisation?
Some argue it is evidence of MNCs being manipulative, pretending to appeal to the individual culture for their own economic benefit
Give an example of glocalisation for economic reasons
McDonalds
- Different meals + sides to fit locally
- Meal: ‘Chicken Maharaja Mac’ in India
- Side: Rice instead of fries in Bali
Give an example of glocalisation for political reasons
- ‘Sensitive’ material censored so it fits government regulations in China
Is globalisation new?
No
How has globalisation changed recently?
- LENGTHENED: Products + people move further than in past
- DEEPENED: More aspects of life interconnected globally than in past
- SPED UP: Movement of people/products/info much faster than in past
Why do some people claim that the rate of globalisation has recently started to slow down?
There have been more movements for nationalism and independence, rather than international interdependence
- E.g. UK - BREXIT and USA - Trump’s Wall
What has globalisation caused to form?
A large interconnected GLOBAL NETWORK
What are the four flows that exist around the global network?
- Flow of goods
- Flow of money
- Flow of people
- Flow of tech + ideas
What does the ‘flow of goods’ around the global network involve?
Increased demand for trade of raw materials and manufactured goods, driven by development of emerging economies and the global middle class
Define emerging economies + give an example
Countries experiencing high rates of economic growth
- E.g. China
Define the global middle class
People with discretionary income that they can spend on consumer goods
What does the ‘flow of money’ around the global network involve?
- Money transfer in stock exchanges ($5trill/day in 2013)
- MNCs spread money through FDI
What does the ‘flow of people’ around the global network involve?
- Moving people due to migration (3.5% of world are international migrants)
- Moving people due to tourism (Europe receives most. China generates most tourism expenditure)
What does the ‘flow of tech + ideas’ around the global network involve?
- Sharing of data + ideas on the faster internet speeds + more advanced social media and mobile phones
What is the term used for migration within countries?
Domestic migration
What are the two main types of domestic migration?
- Rural-urban migration (usually in NEEs)
- Urban-rural migration (usually in HICs)
What is the term used for migration between countries?
International migration
What are the two main types of international migration?
- Economic migration (voluntary)
- Refugees (involuntary)
In 2017, how many international migrants were there?
258 million
How many British people live (and have always lived) in their hometown?
23%
What was the pattern for migration in the late 1900s?
CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL
International migration directed towards the developed, western ‘core’
- ‘Core’ benefited: gained skilled workers
- ‘Periphery’ suffered: lost skilled workers
What is the pattern for migration today?
- Core-periphery model remains within regions
- Migration between regions has become more significant, following the DISTANCE-DECAY MODEL
What is the Core-Periphery Model?
Model of migration that involves migration directed from the poor, less developed ‘periphery’ of a region, towards the more developed, westernised ‘core’ of a region
What is the Distance-Decay Model?
Model of migration that outlines how the number of migrants decreases with distance from the source country
(Most migration happens between neighbouring/nearby countries)
What causes people to migrate?
A combination of push + pull factors
What can prevent easy migration?
Intervening obstacles
What is the most important reason for migration?
The uneven distribution of economic opportunities
What are the top three destinations for migration (+ the primary source countries)?
- USA (from Mexico - close)
- Russia (from Ukraine - USSR links)
- Germany (from Turkey - 20th C labour deal)
Define the concept of a ‘shrinking world’
The idea that places feel closer with each advancement in transport and technology (this catalyses migration)
What three factors are involved in the ‘shrinking world’?
- Transport
- Communication (phone + internet)
- Media (smartphones, internet, social media)
How has transport caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example
Travel time + costs have decreased, so distance between countries seems less significant + is less of an intervening obstacle to migration
- E.g. High speed railways (‘Sky train’ between Tibet + China, regularly used by migrant workers)
- E.g. Cheap air travel (EasyJet between all EU major cities - 65 mill customers in 2014)
How has communication caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example
Communication improvements make it easier to maintain social relationships with people in home country, encouraging migration
- E.g. Thanks to companies like Kenya’s ‘Safaricom’, only 10% Africans live in areas with no signal
How has media caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example
The media publicises the benefits of other countries + advertises how it is possible to migrate there
- E.g. Political group Daesh (IS) use social media to attract young women in UK and France to migrate to the Middle East to join
Why does Doreen Massey argue that some people are ‘switched off’ to the ‘shrinking world’?
Social differentiation
- Some people don’t have enough money to move (even if they see advertisement in the media + travel is relatively cheap)
- Some people don’t have political freedom to move (e.g. North Koreans)
Define migration
Movement of people from one area to another
Define immigration
Movement of people into a country
When was peak immigration to the UK? What did it reach?
March 2014-March 2015
331,000 people
Define forced migration
Movement of people from one area to another against their wish
Give an example of forced migration
Slave trade
- 12 mill Africans forcibly shipped across the Atlantic over 400yrs
Define emigration
Movement of people out of a country
How many British nationals have emigrated out of the UK to live abroad?
4.7 million
Define pull factors
The (perceived) attractions of an alternative destination that make people want to move there
Give an example of a pull factor
Turkey labour deal (1961-73)
- Germany offered a labour deal to Turkey
- This perceived opportunity of new jobs attracted many people
Define refugees
People who have been forced to leave their home country, due to fear of persecution/death (e.g. from conflict or natural disasters)
Define international migrants
People who move from one country to another
What percentage of the global population are international migrants?
4%
Define push factors
The (perceived) negative aspects of a location that encourage its inhabitants to leave
Define the global middle class
People with discretionary income that they can spend on consumer goods
What percentage of the global population are thought to be part of the global middle class?
50%
Define domestic/internal migrants
People who move from one area to another within the borders of a country
Define urbanisation
Increase in the proposition of the population living in urban areas
What percentage of the global population live on urban areas?
51%
Define voluntary migration
The movement of people from one area to another as a result of free choice
Give an example of voluntary migration
The Windrush
- 1948
- 492 immigrants chose to sail to Britain from Jamaica to start a new life
Define emerging economies
Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic growth
What country has the world’s fastest growing/emerging economy?
Guyana
Define economic migrants
People who move from one area to another in order to improve their wealth/economic status
Define intervening obstacles
A physical, political or economic barrier that prevents/makes it more difficult for migrants to complete their intended journey
