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Geography - A - Global Governance > Block 1 (Globalisation, Migration + A Shrinking World) > Flashcards

Block 1 (Globalisation, Migration + A Shrinking World) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define globalisation

A

The increased mobility of goods, service, labour, tech, capital, cultural and political systems across geographical boundaries

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2
Q

How has globalisation been able to be enhanced recently?

A

There are better international connections, due to advancements in technology

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3
Q

What are the four main strands of globalisation?

A
  • Economic globalisation
  • Political globalisation
  • Social globalisation
  • Cultural globalisation
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4
Q

What is economic globalisation?

A
  • Growth of MNCs, accelerating cross-border exchange (trade) of raw materials, goods + investment
  • Growth of ICT, accelerating global communication + data transfer, moving towards an international economy
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5
Q

What is political globalisation?

A
  • Growth of trading blocs, reducing trade restrictions + growing global markets
  • Growth of global organisations, improving political communication (e.g. The World Bank)
  • Growth of international approaches to shared issues (e.g. oceans)
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6
Q

Define trading blocs

A

Political agreements between countries that trade together to make trade easier

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7
Q

What is social globalisation?

A
  • Growth of cross-border family/friend networks, due to increased international migration
  • Growth of social interconnectivity, due to new social media networks
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8
Q

What is cultural globalisation?

A
  • Spreading of ‘successful’ Western cultural traits (‘Americanisation’) and other cultural ideas through migration + social networks
  • Merging of multiple culture aspects, through glocalisation + hybridisation
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9
Q

Define glocalisation

A

Products + services are distributed globally, but adapted to fit local needs

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10
Q

Why does glocalisation occur?

A
  • Economic reasons (to sell more products in different country)
  • Political reasons (if the product/service wont fit the political system of another country in its regular form)
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11
Q

What is one negative of glocalisation?

A

Some argue it is evidence of MNCs being manipulative, pretending to appeal to the individual culture for their own economic benefit

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12
Q

Give an example of glocalisation for economic reasons

A

McDonalds

  • Different meals + sides to fit locally
  • Meal: ‘Chicken Maharaja Mac’ in India
  • Side: Rice instead of fries in Bali
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13
Q

Give an example of glocalisation for political reasons

A

Google

- ‘Sensitive’ material censored so it fits government regulations in China

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14
Q

Is globalisation new?

A

No

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15
Q

How has globalisation changed recently?

A
  • LENGTHENED: Products + people move further than in past
  • DEEPENED: More aspects of life interconnected globally than in past
  • SPED UP: Movement of people/products/info much faster than in past
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16
Q

Why do some people claim that the rate of globalisation has recently started to slow down?

A

There have been more movements for nationalism and independence, rather than international interdependence
- E.g. UK - BREXIT and USA - Trump’s Wall

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17
Q

What has globalisation caused to form?

A

A large interconnected GLOBAL NETWORK

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18
Q

What are the four flows that exist around the global network?

A
  • Flow of goods
  • Flow of money
  • Flow of people
  • Flow of tech + ideas
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19
Q

What does the ‘flow of goods’ around the global network involve?

A

Increased demand for trade of raw materials and manufactured goods, driven by development of emerging economies and the global middle class

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20
Q

Define emerging economies + give an example

A

Countries experiencing high rates of economic growth

- E.g. China

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21
Q

Define the global middle class

A

People with discretionary income that they can spend on consumer goods

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22
Q

What does the ‘flow of money’ around the global network involve?

A
  • Money transfer in stock exchanges ($5trill/day in 2013)

- MNCs spread money through FDI

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23
Q

What does the ‘flow of people’ around the global network involve?

A
  • Moving people due to migration (3.5% of world are international migrants)
  • Moving people due to tourism (Europe receives most. China generates most tourism expenditure)
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24
Q

What does the ‘flow of tech + ideas’ around the global network involve?

A
  • Sharing of data + ideas on the faster internet speeds + more advanced social media and mobile phones
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25
Q

What is the term used for migration within countries?

A

Domestic migration

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26
Q

What are the two main types of domestic migration?

A
  • Rural-urban migration (usually in NEEs)

- Urban-rural migration (usually in HICs)

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27
Q

What is the term used for migration between countries?

A

International migration

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28
Q

What are the two main types of international migration?

A
  • Economic migration (voluntary)

- Refugees (involuntary)

29
Q

In 2017, how many international migrants were there?

A

258 million

30
Q

How many British people live (and have always lived) in their hometown?

A

23%

31
Q

What was the pattern for migration in the late 1900s?

A

CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL
International migration directed towards the developed, western ‘core’
- ‘Core’ benefited: gained skilled workers
- ‘Periphery’ suffered: lost skilled workers

32
Q

What is the pattern for migration today?

A
  • Core-periphery model remains within regions

- Migration between regions has become more significant, following the DISTANCE-DECAY MODEL

33
Q

What is the Core-Periphery Model?

A

Model of migration that involves migration directed from the poor, less developed ‘periphery’ of a region, towards the more developed, westernised ‘core’ of a region

34
Q

What is the Distance-Decay Model?

A

Model of migration that outlines how the number of migrants decreases with distance from the source country
(Most migration happens between neighbouring/nearby countries)

35
Q

What causes people to migrate?

A

A combination of push + pull factors

36
Q

What can prevent easy migration?

A

Intervening obstacles

37
Q

What is the most important reason for migration?

A

The uneven distribution of economic opportunities

38
Q

What are the top three destinations for migration (+ the primary source countries)?

A
  • USA (from Mexico - close)
  • Russia (from Ukraine - USSR links)
  • Germany (from Turkey - 20th C labour deal)
39
Q

Define the concept of a ‘shrinking world’

A

The idea that places feel closer with each advancement in transport and technology (this catalyses migration)

40
Q

What three factors are involved in the ‘shrinking world’?

A
  • Transport
  • Communication (phone + internet)
  • Media (smartphones, internet, social media)
41
Q

How has transport caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example

A

Travel time + costs have decreased, so distance between countries seems less significant + is less of an intervening obstacle to migration

  • E.g. High speed railways (‘Sky train’ between Tibet + China, regularly used by migrant workers)
  • E.g. Cheap air travel (EasyJet between all EU major cities - 65 mill customers in 2014)
42
Q

How has communication caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example

A

Communication improvements make it easier to maintain social relationships with people in home country, encouraging migration
- E.g. Thanks to companies like Kenya’s ‘Safaricom’, only 10% Africans live in areas with no signal

43
Q

How has media caused a ‘shrinking world’? Give an example

A

The media publicises the benefits of other countries + advertises how it is possible to migrate there
- E.g. Political group Daesh (IS) use social media to attract young women in UK and France to migrate to the Middle East to join

44
Q

Why does Doreen Massey argue that some people are ‘switched off’ to the ‘shrinking world’?

A

Social differentiation

  • Some people don’t have enough money to move (even if they see advertisement in the media + travel is relatively cheap)
  • Some people don’t have political freedom to move (e.g. North Koreans)
45
Q

Define migration

A

Movement of people from one area to another

46
Q

Define immigration

A

Movement of people into a country

47
Q

When was peak immigration to the UK? What did it reach?

A

March 2014-March 2015

331,000 people

48
Q

Define forced migration

A

Movement of people from one area to another against their wish

49
Q

Give an example of forced migration

A

Slave trade

- 12 mill Africans forcibly shipped across the Atlantic over 400yrs

50
Q

Define emigration

A

Movement of people out of a country

51
Q

How many British nationals have emigrated out of the UK to live abroad?

A

4.7 million

52
Q

Define pull factors

A

The (perceived) attractions of an alternative destination that make people want to move there

53
Q

Give an example of a pull factor

A

Turkey labour deal (1961-73)

  • Germany offered a labour deal to Turkey
  • This perceived opportunity of new jobs attracted many people
54
Q

Define refugees

A

People who have been forced to leave their home country, due to fear of persecution/death (e.g. from conflict or natural disasters)

55
Q

Define international migrants

A

People who move from one country to another

56
Q

What percentage of the global population are international migrants?

A

4%

57
Q

Define push factors

A

The (perceived) negative aspects of a location that encourage its inhabitants to leave

58
Q

Define the global middle class

A

People with discretionary income that they can spend on consumer goods

59
Q

What percentage of the global population are thought to be part of the global middle class?

A

50%

60
Q

Define domestic/internal migrants

A

People who move from one area to another within the borders of a country

61
Q

Define urbanisation

A

Increase in the proposition of the population living in urban areas

62
Q

What percentage of the global population live on urban areas?

A

51%

63
Q

Define voluntary migration

A

The movement of people from one area to another as a result of free choice

64
Q

Give an example of voluntary migration

A

The Windrush

  • 1948
  • 492 immigrants chose to sail to Britain from Jamaica to start a new life
65
Q

Define emerging economies

A

Countries that have begun to experience high rates of economic growth

66
Q

What country has the world’s fastest growing/emerging economy?

A

Guyana

67
Q

Define economic migrants

A

People who move from one area to another in order to improve their wealth/economic status

68
Q

Define intervening obstacles

A

A physical, political or economic barrier that prevents/makes it more difficult for migrants to complete their intended journey

Geography - A - Global Governance (8 decks)

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