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Geography - A - Global Governance > Block 6 (Global Governance Of The Earth's Oceans) > Flashcards

Block 6 (Global Governance Of The Earth's Oceans) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Global Commons

A

Resource domains/areas that lie outside the political reach of any one nation

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2
Q

What are the 4 global commons?

A
  • High Seas
  • Antarctica
  • Outer space
  • Atmosphere
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3
Q

Define ‘High Seas’

A

Areas further than 200 nautical miles off a country’s coastline that are not owned or controlled by any one country

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4
Q

Who are agreements made by about the Earth’s oceans (High Seas)?

A

Supranational institutions

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5
Q

Define supranational institutions

A

An organisation which has decision making powers/influence that transcend national boundaries or governments

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6
Q

Compare national governance to global governance in terms of: regulation, decision making, primary goals

A

REGULATION
National: Centralised
Global: Multilateral

DECISION MAKING
National: Based on rule of law
Global: Based on agreements + cooperation

PRIMARY GOALS
National: Economic growth + resource security
Global: World peace, global prosperity + sustainability

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7
Q

List 5 supranational institutions that play a role in global governance

A
  • EU (European Union)
  • UN (United Nations)
  • UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific + Cultural Organisation)
  • G7/8 + G20 (Group of 7/8 nations that grew into 20)
  • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation)
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8
Q

What role does the EU play in global governance of the oceans?

A

Has its own supranational laws for EU nations

E.g. Marine Directive

  • Aims to achieve a ‘good environmental status’ for EU waters + protect EU marine resources
  • One main role is controlling pollution of EU waters (e.g. need double hull on ships)
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9
Q

What is UNCLOS?

A

Most important agreement in global governance of oceans

Large treaty that covers all aspects of marine management, aiming to promote sustainable development + political stability in oceans

E.g. Led to the establishment of EEZs

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10
Q

What role does UNESCO play in global governance of the oceans?

A

Part of its role is environmental protection, including oceans

  • Designates areas to protect (e.g. GBR)
  • Involved in global conventions (e.g. Paris Agreement 2015)
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11
Q

What role does G7/8/20 play in global governance of the oceans?

A

Commits a series of predominantly HICs to working towards sustainability + conservation of oceans

E.g. In 2017, G20 developed an action plan to reducing plastic waste entering oceans

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12
Q

What role does NATO play in global governance of the oceans?

A

It is a military alliance, so plays a role in maritime security including of the oceans

E.g. plays role in tackling Indian Ocean piracy

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13
Q

What does EEZ stand for?

A

Exclusive Economic Zone

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14
Q

Which law on oceans created EEZs?

A

UNCLOS

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15
Q

What role does G77 play in global governance of the oceans?

A

Commits a series of predominantly developing countries to working towards sustainability + conservation of oceans

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16
Q

Who are members of G7/8/20

A

G7: US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Canada, Japan

G8: Others + Russia

G20: Extended to include 12 others (mainly HICs)

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17
Q

Who are the members of G77?

A

134 predominantly developing countries

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18
Q

What are the 3 main laws/agreements on governance of oceans that we look at?

A
  • UNCLOS (including EEZs)
  • UN’s Sustainable Development Goals
  • EU’s Marine Directive
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19
Q

Who has signed UNCLOS?

A
  • 168 countries

- NOT INCLUDING: US + some landlocked countries

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20
Q

What are EEZs?

A
  • Areas of water extending 200 nautical miles from a state’s shore
  • State has ownership + management rights over all biotic + abiotic resources in the ocean or ocean floor of their EEZ
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21
Q

What was decided in UNCLOS about EEZs where two states’ EEZs overlapped?

A

UN made decision on boundary

22
Q

There remains conflict over the boundaries of some EEZs. Give an example

A

Norway + Russia dispute area around Svalbard

23
Q

Give an example of conflict over EEZs of overseas territories

A

UK + Argentina dispute area around the Falkland Islands

24
Q

Give 2 examples of geopolitical disputes over ocean governance

A

The South China Sea + Antarctica

25
Q

Define global superpowers

A

Very influential nations with hard powers (military + economic superiority) + soft powers (culture, diplomacy, negotiatory skills)

26
Q

Who were the global superpowers in the 20th C and who are the global superpowers today?

A

20th C = USA + Soviet Union

Today = USA + China

27
Q

Give 3 reasons superpowers want control over the oceans

A
  • To protect communication + trade
  • To ensure maritime security
  • To deliver humanitarian aid/relief
28
Q

When was Britain a global superpower?

A

When the British Empire thrived (up to mid 20th C)

29
Q

What were the 2 stages of British Empire growth?

A

1) Pre-1850 - Small coastal colonies conquered

2) Post-1850 - Control extended inland

30
Q

How much land + people did the British Empire rule in 1920?

A

Ruled over 25% land

Ruled over 20% people

31
Q

What were the 2 main impacts of the British Empire?

A

1) Culturally diverse UK cities (acted as trade hubs - e.g. Bristol)
2) Global network in form of the Commonwealth of Nations

32
Q

What are the 2 main security issues affecting maritime trade?

A
  • Oil chokepoints

- Piracy

33
Q

Define chokepoints

A

Narrow channels along widely used global sea routes

34
Q

How much of global maritime trade does oil make up?

A

30%

35
Q

How much of the world’s oil travels through the 7 major chokepoints?

A

53%

36
Q

What are the 7 main oil chokepoints and which oceans/seas do they connect?

A
  • Strait of Hormuz (Persian Gulf -> Gulf of Oman)
  • Strait of Malacca (Indian Ocean -> Pacific Ocean)
  • Suez Canal (Red Sea -> Mediterranean Sea)
  • Mandeb Strait (Red Sea -> Indian Ocean)
  • Danish Strait (North Sea -> Baltic Sea)
  • Turkish Strait (Aegean Sea -> Mediterranean Sea)
  • Panama Canal (Atlantic Ocean -> Pacific Ocean)
37
Q

Summarise the change in oil shipping

A
  • Increased capacity of tanker fleet (up 73% since 2000)
  • Fluctuating container size (based on size of: vessel + chokepoint)
  • Fluctuating amount of oil shipped (based on: demand)
38
Q

What is the potential future oil chokepoint?

A

NorthWest Passage

  • Atlantic Ocean -> Pacific Ocean
  • May open up due to melting Arctic Sea ice
39
Q

What are the 3 oil chokepoints I am learning in detail?

A
  • Strait of Hormuz
  • Suez Canal
  • Panama Canal
40
Q

Give facts about the Strait of Hormuz

A
  • Most used oil chokepoint (18.5 mill barrels/day in 2016)

- Persian Gulf -> Gulf of Oman (Middle East)

41
Q

Give facts about the Suez Canal

A
  • Red Sea -> Mediterranean Sea
  • Reduces distance from Asia -> Europe
  • Man made
  • Operated by Suez Canal Authority ($5.3 bill/day in tolls in 2017)
42
Q

Give facts about the Panama Canal

A
  • Atlantic Ocean -> Pacific Ocean
  • Stops having to travel around S.America
  • Up to 2016: significance fell, too narrow, less Alaskan oil to transport
  • After 2016 expansion: fits 96% ships, tolls now very expensive ($800,000/ large vessel)
43
Q

Define piracy

A

The attack of ships to gain profit (ie through, money, goods, ransoms)

44
Q

What are the social, economic + environmental impacts of piracy?

A 
Social 
- Crew may be: kept hostage, injured, killed
Economic
- Loss of goods
- Disruption of trade through delays 
- Cost of piracy management 
Environmental
- Unmanned ships vulnerable to accidents + oil spills
45
Q

How much does piracy cost the international economy per yr?

A

$7 bill -> $12 bill (2010 est)

46
Q

How do piracy patterns vary globally?

A
  • Some areas have seen an increase (e.g. SE Asia around Strait of Malacca)
  • Some areas have seen a decrease, particularly thanks to management in the area (e.g. Somali piracy has declined since 2011 - thanks to Operation Ocean Shield)
47
Q

What percentage of piracy occurs in SE Asia?

A

41%

48
Q

Give an example of piracy

A

Strait of Malacca Piracy
- SE Asia chokepoint (Indian Ocean -> Pacific Ocean)

Reasons:

  • Poverty (LIC)
  • Narrow (2.7km)
  • Opportunity (1/3 global goods + 80% global oil passes through)

Increasing (8 attacks in 2018, 30 attacks in 2019)

Attempts to manage:

  • Local organisations - Singapore’s Navy Info Fusion Centre
  • International organisations - International Maritime Bureau
49
Q

Why is management of piracy currently unsuccessful around the Strait of Malacca?

A

Local + international organisations are bad at working together (political rivalries) and have a lack of resources

50
Q

How has Somali piracy been successful managed that has led to its decline since 2011?

A

Operation Ocean Shield (NATO)

  • Helped militarise ships
  • Helped coordinate patrols

Geography - A - Global Governance (8 decks)

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