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Geography - A - Global Governance > Block 4 (Causes, Consequences + Management Of Refugee Movements) > Flashcards

Block 4 (Causes, Consequences + Management Of Refugee Movements) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define refugees

A

People who have been forced to leave their home country

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2
Q

Define asylum seekers

A

Refugees (people who have been forced to leave their home country) before they have been given official refugee status

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3
Q

Define Internally Displaced People (IDPs)

A

People who have been forced to leave their homes, but remain in their home country

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4
Q

What is the difference between refugees + IDPs?

A

Refugees - Forced to leave home country

IDPs - Forced to leave home, but stay in same country

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5
Q

What is the total number of displaced people (2017)? How many are refugees? How many are IDPs?

A

Over 60 million

  • Refugees: approx 20 mill
  • IDPs: approx 40 mill
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6
Q

What is the year which saw most people displaced than any other year since WW2?

A

2014

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7
Q

What are the top source countries of refugees (2017)?

A
  • Syria (approx 5.5 mill)
  • Afghanistan
  • South Sudan
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8
Q

What are the top host countries of refugees (2017)?

A
  • Turkey (approx 3 mill)
  • Pakistan
  • Lebanon
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9
Q

What model dictates the location of host countries of refugees?

A

Distance-decay model

Other LICs that are nearby are often the hosts

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10
Q

What are the two categories of refugee movement causes?

A
  • Human (Geopolitical + Economic)

- Physical (Natural disasters + Climate change)

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11
Q

How can Human Geopolitical factors cause refugee movements?

A
  • After colonial pasts, many countries in Africa + the Middle East had their borders drawn up by HICs
  • Borders had little relation to ethnic groups
  • This has led to conflicts, as multiple groups fight for power

Refugees flee from: this unsafe conflict + persecution of losing ethnic groups that often occurs post-conflict

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12
Q

Give an example of how Human Geopolitical factors have caused refugee movements in Africa?

A

Rwanda

  • Two ethnic groups exist (Hutu + Tutsi)
  • Conflict for supremacy
  • Has prompted 2 mill Hutu (less dominant group) to flee as refugees
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13
Q

Give an example of how Human Geopolitical factors have caused refugee movements in the Middle East?

A
  • Sykes-Picot line drawn by Britain + France divided the Sunni + Shia Muslims into several unstable Middle Eastern states
  • Many states have fallen into civil war for supremacy
  • E.g. Syria (over 5.5 mill refugees + 6 mill IDPs)
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14
Q

How can Human Economic factors cause refugee movements?

A

Land grabbing

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15
Q

Define land grabbing

A

Land is forcibly seized (by MNCs/gov,/individuals) - forcing individuals living there out as refugees

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16
Q

Why is land ‘grabbed’?

A

So it can be used for economic benefit

E.g. MNCs growing + selling cash crops

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17
Q

Give an example of how Human Economic factors have caused refugee movements

A

Amazon Basin

  • Land grabbing by MNCs for profitable activity e.g. logging
  • Many indigenous tribes forced out as refugees
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18
Q

How can Physical Factors of natural disasters + climate change cause refugee movements?

A

Natural disasters (becoming more prevalent + intense because of climate change) can displace people as areas become unsafe or uninhabitable

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19
Q

Give an example of how the Physical Factors of natural disasters + climate change can cause refugee movements

A

African countries of Somalia, S.Sudan, Nigeria

  • Extreme drought making area uninhabitable due to food shortages
  • Over 20 mill people displaced as refugees
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20
Q

How many people could be displaced as climate change refugees from coastal areas in the future due to rising sea levels?

A

13 million

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21
Q

We look at the consequences of refugee movements in 3 categories - what are they?

A
  • Impact on refugees
  • Impact on neighbouring states
  • Impact on developed economies
22
Q

How may refugees be positively impacted by refugee movements?

A

If they reach a HIC + become integrated into society…

  • Chance for improved long term living conditions
  • Chance for improved long term employment opportunities
23
Q

How may refugees be negatively impacted by refugee movements?

A

Negative consequences on way…

  • May die (illegal + dangerous routes)
  • May have poor living conditions in overstretched refugee camps

Negative consequences possible even if they reach a HIC…

  • Long term psychological trauma
  • Social exclusion (due to social + cultural barriers)
  • Hard to access employment as often under qualified
24
Q

Since 1993 how many illegal migrants + refugees have died trying to reach Europe?

A

Over 35,000

25
Q

Give an example of a negative outcome from living in a refugee camp

A

Abuse (particularly of the young + vulnerable)

26
Q

What percentage of Syrian refugees have PTSD (psychological trauma)?

A

Over 75%

27
Q

Give an example of a cause of social exclusion for refugees in their new country

A

Language barrier (reported by 84% of Syrian refugees)

28
Q

What percentage of Syrian refugees have a uni education?

A

Less than 40%

29
Q

Is the impact of refugees on neighbouring states usually more positive or more negative?

A

More negative

30
Q

What is the negative impact of refugee movements on neighbouring states?

A

States become very overstretched trying to provide services for refugees temporarily or permanently staying in the country

31
Q

Why are all EU states + some other states forced to accept some refugees?

A

UN Declaration of Human Rights makes it essential to provide refugees the ‘right to seek + enjoy asylum’

32
Q

What negative impacts can refugee movements have on developed countries?

A
  • Financial burden
  • Perceived threat to country’s safety
  • Perceived threat to country’s nationality/culture
  • Burden on EU coastguards patrolling borders
33
Q

How much does each refugee approx cost a developed country?

A

£15,000 per yr

34
Q

Why may the inhabitants of developed countries view refugees as a threat to their country’s safety?

A

After terror attacks (e.g. 9/11) which are often associated with foreigners

35
Q

What positive impacts may refugee movements have on developed countries?

A
  • Refugees can fill labour shortages

- Refugees can fill skilled professions if qualified

36
Q

Give an example of refugees filling skilled professions in developed countries

A

1,200 medically qualified refugees work in UK

Training a new doctor costs 10x price of supporting a refugee doctor to work in UK

37
Q

Who helps to manage refugee movements?

A
  • International institutions
  • National governments
  • NGOs
38
Q

Give an example of an international institution that manages refugee movements

A

UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

  • Enforces the Refugee Convention (1951)
  • Works with WHO to provide short term aid: food, medicine, etc.
  • Works to provide long term help to resettling refugees (e.g. training + income-generating projects)
39
Q

How much does the US pay to the UNHCR per yr?

A

Approx $5 bill

40
Q

What is the UN Refugee Convention (1951)?

A
  • Defines what it means to be a refugee
  • Aims to project refugees + enforce non-refoulement
  • Enforced by the UNHCR
41
Q

Define non-refoulement

A

Not returning refugees to a country where there is a serious threat to their life

42
Q

Are national gov policies for managing refugee movements the same?

A

No - each country has their own policy

43
Q

What is the general trend about how national gov policies in the EU are changing?

A

Management becoming harsher

44
Q

How are national governments in the EU making policies towards refugees harsher?

A
  • Reducing financial benefits
  • Reducing social services
  • Reducing accepting policies towards foreigners (e.g. France banned hijab + burqa in 2011)
45
Q

In 2016, what percentage of asylum applications by refugees were accepted by the EU? Which country accepted most + least?

A

45%

  • Most: Bulgaria 94%
  • Least: Hungary 9%
46
Q

Distribution of refugees in Europe is uneven - where is it concentrated?

A

Italy + Greece (located in the south)

47
Q

Technically where should asylum requests be processed?

A

In the country the refugee first arrives in

48
Q

Give an example of an NGO’s policy to manage refugee movements

A

Refugee Action

  • Works in UK
  • Provides support + advice for settling refugees
49
Q

What are the 2 main reasons why a state may be powerless in managing refugee movements across their borders?

A

1) Country may have long, poorly marked borders that are hard to police
2) Country may not have the economic ability/resources to protect + control its borders

50
Q

Give an example of a country that is powerless in managing refugee movements across its borders

A

Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)

  • Flow of militia groups into country
  • Flow of fearful refugees out of country
  • Unable to manage because: inadequate economy, borders 9 counties with some of these borders being remote and vague

Geography - A - Global Governance (8 decks)

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