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Biomed > Block 6_Chapter 27 (Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance) > Flashcards

Block 6_Chapter 27 (Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance) Flashcards

1
Q 
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?  
A) ADH  
B) aldosterone  
C) BNP  
D) ANP  
E) epinephrine
A

ADH

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2
Q 
) In an adult female, the body consists of about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent water.
A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80
A

50

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3
Q 
All of the following are components of ECF, except  
A) cerebrospinal fluid.  
B) peritoneal fluid.  
C) lymph.  
D) aqueous humor.  
E) RBCs.
A

RBCs

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4
Q 
The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
A) plasma.  
B) interstitial fluid.  
C) cerebrospinal fluid.  
D) lymph.
E) All of the answers are correct
A

E) All of the answers are correct

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5
Q 
The principal cation in intracellular fluid is  
A) sodium.  
B) potassium.  
C) calcium.  
D) magnesium.  
E) chloride
A

potassium

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6
Q

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?
A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
B) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D) stimulation of osmoreceptors
E) All of the answers are correct.

A

E) All of the answers are correct.

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7
Q 
The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are
A) potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and calcium.
D) potassium, hydrogen, and chloride.
E) proteins, potassium, and phosphate
A

proteins, potassium, and phosphate

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8
Q 
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are
A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and calcium.
D) sodium, hydrogen, and chloride.
E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.
A

A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

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9
Q 
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?  
A) ADH  
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH  
D) ANP  
E) epinephrine
A

ADH

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10
Q 
Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?  
A) ADH  
B) aldosterone  
C) PTH  
D) acetylcholine  
E) natriuretic peptides
A

E) natriuretic peptides

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11
Q 
Approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.  
A) 10  
B) 9  
C) 15  
D) 7  
E) 20
A

7

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12
Q

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete sodium ions.
D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

A

decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

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13
Q

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) aldosterone is secreted.

A

B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

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14
Q

Aldosterone
A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) regulates blood calcium levels.
E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

A

B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

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15
Q

When pure water is consumed,
A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

A

C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

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16
Q

Consuming a meal high in salt will
A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

A

B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

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17
Q 
Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the  
A) veins.  
B) muscles.  
C) tissues.  
D) capillaries.  
E) arteries.
A

capillaries

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18
Q 
A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from his body.
A) water  
B) sodium  
C) bicarbonate ion  
D) hydrogen ion  
E) All of the answers are correct.
A

E) All of the answers are correct.

19
Q 
The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of  
A) calcium ions.  
B) chlorine ions.  
C) potassium ions.  
D) sodium ions.  
E) electrons.
A

D) sodium ions.

20
Q 
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone  
A) calcitonin.  
B) parathyroid hormone.  
C) aldosterone.  
D) cortisol.  
E) ADH.
A

B) parathyroid hormone.

21
Q

Secretion of potassium into the urine is
A) increased by ADH.
B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
D) an indication of dehydration.
E) All of the answers are correct

A

B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

22
Q 
To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?
A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water
A

C) permeable to brain plasma membranes

23
Q 
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by  
A) ADH.  
B) aldosterone.  
C) parathormone.  
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.  
E) glucocorticoids.
A

aldosterone

24
Q

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

A

buffer

25
Q 
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by  
A) sweating.  
B) the kidneys.  
C) the liver.  
D) the feces.  
E) buffers.
A

B) the kidneys.

26
Q

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
A) buffer stomach acid.
B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.
C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.
D) buffer the urine.
E) increase ventilation.

A

C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

27
Q 
Hypoventilation leads to  
A) respiratory acidosis.  
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis
A

A) respiratory acidosis.

28
Q 
In response to respiratory alkalosis, the  
A) respiratory rate increases.  
B) tidal volume increases.  
C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate.  
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions.  
E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions
A

E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

29
Q 
Prolonged vomiting can result in  
A) respiratory acidosis.  
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis.
A

D) metabolic alkalosis.

30
Q 
A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of  
A) chronic respiratory acidosis.  
B) chronic respiratory alkalosis.  
C) acute respiratory acidosis.  
D) chronic metabolic acidosis
A

A) chronic respiratory acidosis.

31
Q 
A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop  
A) respiratory acidosis. 
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis.
A

C) metabolic acidosis.

32
Q 
A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for  
A) respiratory acidosis.  
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis
A

B) respiratory alkalosis.

33
Q 
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks  
A) respiratory acidosis.  
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis
A

D) metabolic alkalosis

34
Q 
Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to  
A) respiratory acidosis.  
B) respiratory alkalosis.  
C) metabolic acidosis.  
D) metabolic alkalosis
A

C) metabolic acidosis.

35
Q

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
A) consequence of hyperventilation; for example, in fever or mental illness
B) consequence of prolonged vomiting
C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema
D) consequence of tissue hypoxia; for example, in ischemic conditions

A

C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema

36
Q

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the
A) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
B) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions.
E) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

A

E) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

37
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

A

extracellular

38
Q

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and ________.

A

bicarbonate

39
Q

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst

A

ADH

40
Q

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion

A

buffer

41
Q

A ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

A

volatile

42
Q

A ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere

A

nonvolatile/fixed

43
Q

The normal pH range for ECF is 7.35 to ________.

A

7.45

Biomed (8 decks)

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