Block 6_Chapter 27 (Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance)

Question 1

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?  
A) ADH  
B) aldosterone  
C) BNP  
D) ANP  
E) epinephrine

Answer 1

ADH

Question 2

) In an adult female, the body consists of about \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ percent water.
A) 60
B) 50
C) 40
D) 70
E) 80

Answer 2

50

Question 3

All of the following are components of ECF, except  
A) cerebrospinal fluid.  
B) peritoneal fluid.  
C) lymph.  
D) aqueous humor.  
E) RBCs.

Answer 3

RBCs

Question 4

The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
A) plasma.  
B) interstitial fluid.  
C) cerebrospinal fluid.  
D) lymph.
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 4

E) All of the answers are correct

Question 5

The principal cation in intracellular fluid is  
A) sodium.  
B) potassium.  
C) calcium.  
D) magnesium.  
E) chloride

Answer 5

potassium

Question 6

Which of the following will stimulate thirst?
A) drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
B) angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
C) an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
D) stimulation of osmoreceptors
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 6

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 7

The ions in highest concentration in the intracellular fluid are
A) potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and calcium.
D) potassium, hydrogen, and chloride.
E) proteins, potassium, and phosphate

Answer 7

proteins, potassium, and phosphate

Question 8

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are
A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.
B) sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate.
C) sodium, potassium, and calcium.
D) sodium, hydrogen, and chloride.
E) sodium, potassium, and phosphate.

Answer 8

A) sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

Question 9

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?  
A) ADH  
B) angiotensin II
C) PTH  
D) ANP  
E) epinephrine

Answer 9

ADH

Question 10

Which hormone(s) is released by heart muscle in response to excessive chamber volume?  
A) ADH  
B) aldosterone  
C) PTH  
D) acetylcholine  
E) natriuretic peptides

Answer 10

E) natriuretic peptides

Question 11

Approximately \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day.  
A) 10  
B) 9  
C) 15  
D) 7  
E) 20

Answer 11

7

Question 12

The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
A) conserve sodium ions.
B) decrease ECF.
C) excrete sodium ions.
D) conserve sodium ions and decrease ECF.
E) decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

Answer 12

decrease ECF and excrete sodium ions.

Question 13

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
A) the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C) both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
D) there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
E) aldosterone is secreted.

Answer 13

B) osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.

Question 14

Aldosterone
A) is secreted in response to decreased levels of potassium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
D) regulates blood calcium levels.
E) regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Answer 14

B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

Question 15

When pure water is consumed,
A) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
B) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
D) the volume of the ECF decreases.
E) the volume of the ICF decreases.

Answer 15

C) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

Question 16

Consuming a meal high in salt will
A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
C) decrease thirst.
D) cause hypotension.
E) activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

Answer 16

B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Question 17

Exchange between the two main subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily at the  
A) veins.  
B) muscles.  
C) tissues.  
D) capillaries.  
E) arteries.

Answer 17

capillaries

Question 18

A patient who has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ from his body.
A) water  
B) sodium  
C) bicarbonate ion  
D) hydrogen ion  
E) All of the answers are correct.

Answer 18

E) All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of  
A) calcium ions.  
B) chlorine ions.  
C) potassium ions.  
D) sodium ions.  
E) electrons.

Answer 19

D) sodium ions.

Question 20

Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone  
A) calcitonin.  
B) parathyroid hormone.  
C) aldosterone.  
D) cortisol.  
E) ADH.

Answer 20

B) parathyroid hormone.

Question 21

Secretion of potassium into the urine is
A) increased by ADH.
B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
C) minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
D) an indication of dehydration.
E) All of the answers are correct

Answer 21

B) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

Question 22

To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?
A) permeable to capillary endothelium
B) nontoxic to neurons
C) permeable to brain plasma membranes
D) impermeable to brain plasma membranes
E) soluble in water

Answer 22

C) permeable to brain plasma membranes

Question 23

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by  
A) ADH.  
B) aldosterone.  
C) parathormone.  
D) atrial natriuretic peptides.  
E) glucocorticoids.

Answer 23

aldosterone

Question 24

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)

Answer 24

buffer

Question 25

``` Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) sweating. B) the kidneys. C) the liver. D) the feces. E) buffers. ```

Answer 25

B) the kidneys.

Question 26

The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) buffer stomach acid. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) increase ventilation.

Answer 26

C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

Question 27

``` Hypoventilation leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis ```

Answer 27

A) respiratory acidosis.

Question 28

``` In response to respiratory alkalosis, the A) respiratory rate increases. B) tidal volume increases. C) kidneys conserve bicarbonate. D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions. E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions ```

Answer 28

E) kidneys retain more hydrogen ions

Question 29

``` Prolonged vomiting can result in A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. ```

Answer 29

D) metabolic alkalosis.

Question 30

``` A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of A) chronic respiratory acidosis. B) chronic respiratory alkalosis. C) acute respiratory acidosis. D) chronic metabolic acidosis ```

Answer 30

A) chronic respiratory acidosis.

Question 31

``` A person with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus will develop A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis. ```

Answer 31

C) metabolic acidosis.

Question 32

``` A patient on a ventilator subjected to excessive minute volume is at risk for A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis ```

Answer 32

B) respiratory alkalosis.

Question 33

``` A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate ("baking soda") to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis ```

Answer 33

D) metabolic alkalosis

Question 34

``` Severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis ```

Answer 34

C) metabolic acidosis.

Question 35

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation; for example, in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema D) consequence of tissue hypoxia; for example, in ischemic conditions

Answer 35

C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation; for example, due to emphysema

Question 36

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the A) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions. B) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. D) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions. E) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

Answer 36

E) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions.

Question 37

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the ________ fluid.

Answer 37

extracellular

Question 38

The principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and ________.

Answer 38

bicarbonate

Question 39

________ promotes water reabsorption at the kidneys and stimulates thirst

Answer 39

ADH

Question 40

A ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion

Answer 40

buffer

Question 41

A ________ acid is an acid that can leave solution and enter the atmosphere.

Answer 41

volatile

Question 42

A ________ acid is an acid that cannot leave solution and enter the atmosphere

Answer 42

nonvolatile/fixed

Question 43

The normal pH range for ECF is 7.35 to ________.

Answer 43

7.45