Block 5_Chaper 23 (Respiratory System) Flashcards
The following is a list of some airways.
- secondary bronchus
- bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- primary bronchus
- respiratory bronchiole
- alveoli
- terminal bronchiole
The order in which air passes through is A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6. B) 4, 1, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6. C) 1, 4, 2, 5, 7, 3, 6. D) 1, 4, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6. E) 2, 4, 1, 7, 5, 3, 6.
A) 4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6.
- Primary bronchus
- Secondary bronchus
- Bronchoiles (smooth muscle)
- Terminal bronchoile
- Respiratory bronchoile
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoli
Secondary bronchi supply air to the
Lobes of the lungs
The interlobular septa divide the lungs into
pulmonary lobules
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli
The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of
simple squamous epithelium
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.
3 lobes; 2 lobes
The most superior portion of the lung is termed the
apex
The number of lobes in the right lung is
greater than the number of lobes in the left lung
Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in
a loss of surfactant
Primary bronchi are to ____ as secondary bronchi are to _____
extrapulmonary bronchi; intrapulmonary bronchi
Roughly ________ terminal bronchioles arise from each tertiary bronchus.
6500
Respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation:
causes fluids to leak into the alveoli
The resulting pain and inflammation when pleural fluid is unable to prevent friction between the opposing pleural surfaces is known as
Pleurisy
A pulmonary embolism can be caused by ________ becoming trapped in a pulmonary artery
A) blood clots
B) masses of fat
C) air bubbles
D) circulating objects in the blood
Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by a clot or similar obstruction is
pulmonary embolism
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is:
respiratory distress syndrome
Asthma is
an acute condition resulting from usually sensitive, irritated conducting airways
Which of these descriptions best matches the term bronchiolar smooth muscle?
A) accessory muscle of expiration B) accessory muscle of inspiration C) primary muscle of inspiration D) contraction increases airway resistance E) affects lung compliance
Contraction increases airway resistance
Which respiratory organ(s) has a cardiac notch?
Left lung
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration
Determination of blood gases includes testing an arterial sample for
pH, PO2, and PCO2
The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
torr
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
they are equal
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the circulating blood
Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
from the tissue cells into the blood
Boyle’s law states that the pressure of a gas is:
inversely proportional to volume of its container
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
During quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
What is one atmosphere of pressure?
760 mm Hg
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
decreases
What occurs if intrapulmonic pressure is 763 mm Hg?
exhalation
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation:
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
The term ________ describes the result from an injury that permits air to leak into the intrapleural space.
pneumothorax
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.
eupnea; costal breathing
________ involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements and calls on accessory muscles to assist with inhalation, while exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and sometimes abdominal muscles too
Forced breathing
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume
A) sternocleidomastoid
B) pectoralis minor
C) scalenes
D) serratus anterior
Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle.
internal intercostal
When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
the volume of the thorax increases.
Which of these descriptions best matches the term external intercostal?
primary muscle of inspiration
Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Alveolar ventilation refers to the
movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
maintain adequate alveolar ventilation
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient’s
vital capacity
________ = respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)
Alveolar ventilation rate
Boyle’s Law of Gases states that
if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
As an astronaut is lifted into Earth’s orbit, what is the first change to take place in response to the drop in cabin pressure?
decreased alveolar PO2
While playing in an intramural football game, Joe is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from
a pneumothorax.
Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
minute volume
Henry’s law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure
Dalton’s law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately
100 mm Hg.
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in venous blood is approximately
45 mm Hg
The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
40 mm Hg
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
45 mm Hg
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that develops when a person is exposed to a sudden drop in atmospheric pressure. Bubbles of ________ gas are responsible for the problem.
nitrogen
Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration
A) PO2 of the alveoli.
B) PCO2 of the blood.
C) thickness of the respiratory membrane.
E) solubility of oxygen in plasma
NOT: diameter of an alveolus
The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at sea level is
greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air at the top of Mt. Everest
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
venous blood
A SCUBA diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. Why does the diver get decompression sickness?
Pressure decreases too fast and nitrogen gas in the blood forms bubbles
Dalton’s Law of gases relates to
partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases
The chloride shift occurs in order to
transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma
About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood
as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma
Carbon dioxide and water combine to form
carbonic acid
When does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration?
during external respiration
At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen
more than 90
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
decreased pH
Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen.
20
Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.
75 percent
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PCO2 should be low
Carbonic anhydrase
A) is in RBCs.
B) is an enzyme.
C) can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
D) can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
Which statement about the chloride shift is false
A) involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs
B) depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransporter
C) involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma
D) is driven by a rise in PCO2
E) causes RBCs to swell
causes RBCs to swell
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 43 degrees centigrade
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
internal respiration
Hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
less than hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low.
The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
carbon dioxide.
A 10-percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
increase the rate of breathing.
The term hypercapnia refers to
elevated PCO2.
The apneustic centers of the pons
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center
All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the
olfactory epithelium.
Right answers:
B) medullary chemoreceptors.
C) aortic body.
D) carotid body.
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of these except
bronchoconstriction
Does cause: B) a bigger lumen. C) less airway resistance. D) activation of beta-two receptors. E) relaxation.
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive
Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called
hyperpnea
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center.
inspiratory
Prolonged inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center
apneustic
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing.
Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following, except
the precentral motor gyrus.
What does alter activity of respiratory centers: A) cortical association areas. C) the limbic system. D) the hypothalamus. E) Broca's center
The Hering-Breuer reflex
protects the lungs from damage due to overinflation
Pneumotaxic centers in the pons
A) inhibit the apneustic centers.
B) promote passive or active exhalation.
C) receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum.
D) modify respiratory rate and depth.
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain’s ability to regulate breathing in response to
changes in PCO2, PO2, and pH
Damage to the phrenic nerves would A) increase respiratory rate. B) increase the tidal volume. C) force reliance on costal breathing. D) result in greater pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air.
C) force reliance on costal breathing.
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in A) increased respiratory rate. B) more intense inhalation. C) a shorter respiratory cycle. D) less activity in the DRG center. E) decreased vital capacity
B) more intense inhalation.
If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,
A) a person would stop breathing.
B) pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly.
C) the respiratory minute volume would increase.
D) tidal volumes would decrease.
E) alveolar ventilation would increase.
A) a person would stop breathing.
Severing the sensory fibers from the lungs would result in all of the following, except
A) less inhibition of the inspiratory center during forced breathing.
B) a drop in tidal volume.
C) potential damage to the lungs due to overinflation.
D) a disappearance of the Hering-Breuer reflexes.
E) less stimulation of the expiratory center during forced breathing.
B) a drop in tidal volume.
Which of these age-based changes is false?
A) The lungs lose elastic tissue.
B) The lung’s compliance changes.
C) Vital capacity increases.
D) Respiratory muscles weaken.
E) Costal cartilages become more flexible.
C) Vital capacity increases.
The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
emphysema
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung
oblique
A unique feature of the left lung is the ________.
cardiac notch
Internal respiration refers to exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the ________.
tissues
When the inspiratory muscles relax, the rib cage returns to its original position as a result of ________.
elastic rebound
The ________ of the lungs is an indication of their expandability, how easily the lungs expand and contract
compliance
Moving air to and from exchange surfaces is termed ________.
ventilation
The technical term for quiet breathing is ________.
eupnea
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing or ________
hyperpnea
Ventilation performed by contraction of the external intercostals muscle is known as ________ breathing.
costal
The volume of air moved in a single respiratory cycle is termed ________.
tidal volume
