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Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Block 6: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Block 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Flow of Airway Step #1

A

External Naris
No Epithelium associated with this structure
Conducting Zone

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2
Q

Flow of Airway Step #2

A

Nasal Conchae
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Conducting Zone

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3
Q

Flow of Airway Step #3

A

Internal Naris
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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4
Q

Flow of Airway Step #4

A

Nasopharynx
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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5
Q

Flow of Airway Step #5

A

Oropharynx
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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6
Q

Flow of Airway Step #6

A

Laryngopharynx
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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7
Q

Flow of Airway Step #7

A

Trachea
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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8
Q

Flow of Airway Step #8

A

Primary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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9
Q

Flow of Airway Step #9

A

Secondary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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10
Q

Flow of Airway Step #10

A

Tertiary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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11
Q

Flow of Airway Step #11

A

Bronchioles
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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12
Q

Flow of Airway Step #12

A

Terminal Bronchioles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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13
Q

Flow of Airway Step #13

A

Respiratory Bronchioles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium & Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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14
Q

Flow of Airway Step #14

A

Alveolar Ducts
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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15
Q

Flow of Airway Step #15

A

Alveolar Sacs
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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16
Q

Flow of Airway Step #16

A

Alveoli
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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17
Q

Flow of Airway via Structures

A

External Naris
Nasal Conchae
Internal Naris
Nasalpharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli

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18
Q

Flow of Airway via Epithelium

A

No Epithelium for External Naris
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Transition Zone: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium & Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium

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19
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

One Cell Layer
Fried Egg Appearance
Location: Alveoli
Function: Diffusion
Reason: Gas Exchange

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20
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Multi-Cell Layer
Fried Egg Appearance
Location: Esophagus Lining
Function: Protection from Abrasion

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21
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

One Cell Layer, but appears as multiple
Tall Cells with Goblet Cells
Location: Trachea
Function: Secrete (Goblet Cells) and Movement (Cilia) of Mucus

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22
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Painting with Dots
Location: Nose
Function: Flexibility and Support

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23
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Spider Eyes
Location: Epiglottis
Function: Provides strength and elasticity to maintain the shape of structures

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24
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System

A

Movement of air in and out of the body
Clean, warm, and humidify air
Gas exchange
Olfaction
Role in pH and blood pressure regulation

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25
Q

What structures splits the Upper and Lower Airways?

A

Trachea is the beginning of the Lower Airway

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26
Q

What is the name of the structures below the nasal conchae?

A

Nasal Meatuses

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27
Q

Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located?

A

Part of the Nasalpharynx
Superior to auditory tube

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28
Q

Where is the Palatine Tonsil located?

A

Below soft palate
Dorsal part of the mouth

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29
Q

Where is the Lingual Tonsil located?

A

Distal to the Tongue

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30
Q

What is the main function of the tonsils?

A

Immune surveillance

31
Q

What is the Choanae?

A

Internal Nostrils (aka posterior nasal apertures)

32
Q

Name the cartilage structures of the Larynx and identify which are singular or paired cartilage structures.

A

Singular Cartilage Structures:
- Thryoid
- Epiglottis
- Cricoid

Paired Cartilage Structures:
- Arytenoid
- Cuneiform
- Corniculate

33
Q

All the cartilage structures in the larynx are made of hyaline cartilage except for one structure. Which structure is it, and what type of cartilage is it made of?

A

Epiglottis, made of elastic cartilage

34
Q

Differentiate vestibular folds and vocal folds.

A

Vestibular folds “false vocal cords” are superior to the vocal folds
Vocal folds “true vocal cords” are inferior to the vestibular folds

35
Q

What structures do the vocal folds attach to?

A

Thyroid and Arytenoid Cartilages

36
Q

What is the function of the Trachea?

A

Conducts air from larynx to bronchi

37
Q

What is the Trachea made up of to prevent it from closing?

A

C-shaped tracheal cartilage rings

38
Q

What allows for adjustment of airflow in the trachea?

A

Contraction & relaxation of the trachealis muscle

39
Q

What is the Carina and where is it located?

A

Located at the bifurcation of the trachea
Cartilage ridge that directs air into the primary bronchi

40
Q

What happens within the Trachea of an individual how smokes?

A

Cilia in the Trachea get paralyzed, which results in constant coughing and no movement of mucus

41
Q

How many lobes do each lung have?

A

Right lung - 3 lobes
Left lung - 2 lobes to provide room for the heart

42
Q

What is the Hilum?

A

Entry and exit point for vessels, nerves, and bronchi into the lungs

43
Q

State which lungs has horizontal versus oblique fissures.

A

Right lung:
- Horizontal Fissure: separates superior and middle lobes
- Oblique Fissure: separates middle and inferior lobes

Left lung:
- Oblique Fissure: separates superior and inferior lobes

44
Q

List the order of protection layers from superficial to deep

A

Parietal Pleura
Pleural Cavity
Visceral Pleura

45
Q

Why do we have 2 separate pleural cavities for each lung?

A

If a problem occurs in one lung, we can still use the other lung

46
Q

State the layers of the Respiratory Membrane from superficial to deep.

A

Alveolar Cell
Basement Membrane
Endothelial Cell

47
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

States that pressure and volume are inversely related
As pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa

48
Q

What are the muscles associated with forced inhalation?

A

Diaphragm
External Intercostals
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
Pectoralis Minor

49
Q

What are the muscles associated with forced exhalation?

A

Internal Intercostals
Internal & External Obliques
Transverse Abdominis
Recuts Abdominis

50
Q

What are the muscles associated with quiet inhalation?

A

Diaphragm
External Intercostals

51
Q

What muscles are associated with quiet exhalation?

A

None!

52
Q

What is Spirometry?

A

Test used to measure lung volumes and how quickly one can inhale and exhale

53
Q

What is TV?

A

Tidal Volume: amount of air inhaled/exhaled during a normal breath
~500mL

54
Q

What is IRV?

A

Inspiration Reserve Volume: MAXIMUM amount of air inhaled after a normal inhalation

55
Q

What is ERV?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume: MAXIMUM amount of air exhaled after a normal exhalation

56
Q

What is RV?

A

Residual Volume: air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
prevents lungs from collapsing!

57
Q

What is the difference between lung volumes and lung capacities?

A

Lung volumes can be measured while lung capacities are the combination of lung volumes

58
Q

What is IC?

A

Inspiratory Capacity: TV + IRV

59
Q

What is FRC?

A

Function Residual Capacity: RV + ERV

60
Q

What is VC?

A

Vital Capacity: ERV + IRV + TV

61
Q

What is TLC?

A

Total Lung Capacity: ERV + IRV + RV + TV

62
Q

In a clinical setting, what pathologies could be diagnosed using a spirometer?

A

Asthma
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD)
Emphysema
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Chronic Bronchitis

63
Q

What is Atmospheric Pressure?

A

Weight of the column of air above us

64
Q

What is Bronchodilation?

A

Increase in the diameter of bronchus/bronchiole

65
Q

What is Bronchoconstriction?

A

Decrease in diameter of bronchus/bronchiole

66
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

Breathing consisting of cycles of expiration and inspiration

67
Q

What is Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Type of COPD that results from damage to alveoli

68
Q

What is the prevalence of Pulmonary Emphysema in the United States?

A

More prevalent than Type II diabetes

69
Q

What are some symptoms related to Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Early Symptoms: Coughing, Increased Respiratory Rate, Wheezing, Shortness of Breath
Other Possible Symptoms: Sleep Problems, Depression, Fatigue, Weightloss

70
Q

What causes Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Decreased Pulmonary Elastic Recoil
- due to prolonged exposure to smoke, pollution, chemical fumes

71
Q

Is Pulmonary Emphysema genetic?

A

Yes!
Related to A1A deficiencies
Hereditary, but early onset and rare

72
Q

How can a physician diagnose someone with Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Spirometry
Peak flow monitoring
Chest X-Ray or CT scan
Blood test looking at CO2 and O2 levels

73
Q

What are some treatments associated with Pulmonary Emphysema?

A

Quit Smoking
Bronchodilators
Oxygen Therapy
Pulmonary Rehab exercises, specifically with the diaphragm
Lobectomy = taking out scared lobe
Lung Transplant

Anatomy & Physiology Lab (8 decks)

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