Block 6: The Respiratory System Flashcards by Olivia Clare Johnson

Flow of Airway Step #1

External Naris
No Epithelium associated with this structure
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #2

Nasal Conchae
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #3

Internal Naris
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #4

Nasopharynx
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #5

Oropharynx
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #6

Laryngopharynx
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #7

Trachea
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #8

Primary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #9

Secondary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #10

Tertiary Bronchi
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #11

Bronchioles
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #12

Terminal Bronchioles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Conducting Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #13

Respiratory Bronchioles
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium & Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #14

Alveolar Ducts
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #15

Alveolar Sacs
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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Flow of Airway Step #16

Alveoli
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Respiratory Zone

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Flow of Airway via Structures

External Naris
Nasal Conchae
Internal Naris
Nasalpharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary Bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli

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Flow of Airway via Epithelium

No Epithelium for External Naris
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Simple Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Transition Zone: Simple Cuboidal Epithelium & Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

One Cell Layer
Fried Egg Appearance
Location: Alveoli
Function: Diffusion
Reason: Gas Exchange

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Multi-Cell Layer
Fried Egg Appearance
Location: Esophagus Lining
Function: Protection from Abrasion

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Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

One Cell Layer, but appears as multiple
Tall Cells with Goblet Cells
Location: Trachea
Function: Secrete (Goblet Cells) and Movement (Cilia) of Mucus

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Hyaline Cartilage

Painting with Dots
Location: Nose
Function: Flexibility and Support

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Elastic Cartilage

Spider Eyes
Location: Epiglottis
Function: Provides strength and elasticity to maintain the shape of structures

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Functions of the Respiratory System

Movement of air in and out of the body
Clean, warm, and humidify air
Gas exchange
Olfaction
Role in pH and blood pressure regulation

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What structures splits the Upper and Lower Airways?

Trachea is the beginning of the Lower Airway

What is the name of the structures below the nasal conchae?

Nasal Meatuses

Where is the Pharyngeal Tonsil located?

Part of the Nasalpharynx Superior to auditory tube

Where is the Palatine Tonsil located?

Below soft palate Dorsal part of the mouth

Where is the Lingual Tonsil located?

Distal to the Tongue

What is the main function of the tonsils?

Immune surveillance

What is the Choanae?

Internal Nostrils (aka posterior nasal apertures)

Name the cartilage structures of the Larynx and identify which are singular or paired cartilage structures.

Singular Cartilage Structures: - Thryoid - Epiglottis - Cricoid Paired Cartilage Structures: - Arytenoid - Cuneiform - Corniculate

All the cartilage structures in the larynx are made of hyaline cartilage except for one structure. Which structure is it, and what type of cartilage is it made of?

Epiglottis, made of elastic cartilage

Differentiate vestibular folds and vocal folds.

Vestibular folds “false vocal cords” are superior to the vocal folds Vocal folds “true vocal cords” are inferior to the vestibular folds

What structures do the vocal folds attach to?

Thyroid and Arytenoid Cartilages

What is the function of the Trachea?

Conducts air from larynx to bronchi

What is the Trachea made up of to prevent it from closing?

C-shaped tracheal cartilage rings

What allows for adjustment of airflow in the trachea?

Contraction & relaxation of the trachealis muscle

What is the Carina and where is it located?

Located at the bifurcation of the trachea Cartilage ridge that directs air into the primary bronchi

What happens within the Trachea of an individual how smokes?

Cilia in the Trachea get paralyzed, which results in constant coughing and no movement of mucus

How many lobes do each lung have?

Right lung - 3 lobes Left lung - 2 lobes *to provide room for the heart*

What is the Hilum?

Entry and exit point for vessels, nerves, and bronchi into the lungs

State which lungs has horizontal versus oblique fissures.

Right lung: - Horizontal Fissure: separates superior and middle lobes - Oblique Fissure: separates middle and inferior lobes Left lung: - Oblique Fissure: separates superior and inferior lobes

List the order of protection layers from superficial to deep

Parietal Pleura Pleural Cavity Visceral Pleura

Why do we have 2 separate pleural cavities for each lung?

If a problem occurs in one lung, we can still use the other lung

State the layers of the Respiratory Membrane from superficial to deep.

Alveolar Cell Basement Membrane Endothelial Cell

What is Boyle’s law?

States that pressure and volume are inversely related As pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa

What are the muscles associated with forced inhalation?

Diaphragm External Intercostals Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Pectoralis Minor

What are the muscles associated with forced exhalation?

Internal Intercostals Internal & External Obliques Transverse Abdominis Recuts Abdominis

What are the muscles associated with quiet inhalation?

Diaphragm External Intercostals

What muscles are associated with quiet exhalation?

None!

What is Spirometry?

Test used to measure lung volumes and how quickly one can inhale and exhale

What is TV?

Tidal Volume: amount of air inhaled/exhaled during a normal breath ~500mL

What is IRV?

Inspiration Reserve Volume: MAXIMUM amount of air inhaled after a normal inhalation

What is ERV?

Expiratory Reserve Volume: MAXIMUM amount of air exhaled after a normal exhalation

What is RV?

Residual Volume: air left in lungs after maximum exhalation *prevents lungs from collapsing!*

What is the difference between lung volumes and lung capacities?

Lung volumes can be measured while lung capacities are the combination of lung volumes

What is IC?

Inspiratory Capacity: TV + IRV

What is FRC?

Function Residual Capacity: RV + ERV

What is VC?

Vital Capacity: ERV + IRV + TV

What is TLC?

Total Lung Capacity: ERV + IRV + RV + TV

In a clinical setting, what pathologies could be diagnosed using a spirometer?

Asthma Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) Emphysema Pulmonary Fibrosis Chronic Bronchitis

What is Atmospheric Pressure?

Weight of the column of air above us

What is Bronchodilation?

Increase in the diameter of bronchus/bronchiole

What is Bronchoconstriction?

Decrease in diameter of bronchus/bronchiole

What is Pulmonary Ventilation?

Breathing consisting of cycles of expiration and inspiration

What is Pulmonary Emphysema?

Type of COPD that results from damage to alveoli

What is the prevalence of Pulmonary Emphysema in the United States?

More prevalent than Type II diabetes

What are some symptoms related to Pulmonary Emphysema?

Early Symptoms: Coughing, Increased Respiratory Rate, Wheezing, Shortness of Breath Other Possible Symptoms: Sleep Problems, Depression, Fatigue, Weightloss

What causes Pulmonary Emphysema?

Decreased Pulmonary Elastic Recoil - due to prolonged exposure to smoke, pollution, chemical fumes

Is Pulmonary Emphysema genetic?

Yes! Related to A1A deficiencies Hereditary, but early onset and rare

How can a physician diagnose someone with Pulmonary Emphysema?

Spirometry Peak flow monitoring Chest X-Ray or CT scan Blood test looking at CO2 and O2 levels

What are some treatments associated with Pulmonary Emphysema?

Quit Smoking Bronchodilators Oxygen Therapy Pulmonary Rehab exercises, specifically with the diaphragm Lobectomy = taking out scared lobe Lung Transplant