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Anatomy & Physiology Lab > Block 5: The Circulatory System > Flashcards

Block 5: The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart located in relation to other organs?

A

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. The heart rests on top of the diaphragm.

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2
Q

List the major external features of the heart.

A

Apex
Base
Right Auricle
Left Auricle
Coronary Sulcus
Anterior Interventricular Sulcus
Posterior Interventricular Sulcus
Ligamentum Arteriosum
Great Vessels

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3
Q

List the great vessels of the heart.

A

External Features!

Aorta:
Brachocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery
Arch of Aorta
Ascending Aorta
Descending Aorta
Ligamentum Arteriosum

Veins:
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Left Pulmonary Veins
Right Pulmonary Veins

Arteries:
Pulmonary Trunk
Left Pulmonary Artery
Right Pulmonary Artery

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4
Q

What is special about the heart during fetal development?

A

The heart starts apex up, and turns slowly during fetal development.

The ligamentum arteriosum starts as the ductus arteriosus and is a hole during fetal development.

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5
Q

List the layers of the heart and heart wall from superficial to deep.

A

Fibrous Layer
Parietal Pericardium
Pericardial Cavity: prevents friction and allows heart to expand
Visceral Pericardium/Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium: lubricates chambers

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6
Q

List the major internal features of the heart.

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve
Interventricular Septum
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscles
Trabeculae Carneae

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7
Q

Categorize the different heart valves and state which “sound” of the heart beat they make

A

Atrioventricular Valves (LUB sound)
Tricuspid Valve
Bicuspid Valve

Semilunar Valves (DUP sound):
Pulmonary Valve
Aortic Valve

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8
Q

Where is the Interatrial Septum and what structures does it have?

A

Interatrial Septum: Internal of Right Atrium

Structures: 2 holes to allow blood flow
Fossa Ovalis - superior hole (unique to fetal heart, closes after birth)
Coronary Sinus - inferior hole

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9
Q

Where are the Pectinate Muscles?

A

Internal Right Atrium

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10
Q

List the arteries associated with Coronary Circulation.

A

LAC RMP

Left Coronary Artery: Anterior ventricular artery (A ventricles and interventricular septum), Circumflex artery (L atrium & ventricle)

Right Coronary Artery: Marginal artery (R atrium & ventricle), Posterior ventricular artery (P ventricles and interventricular septum)

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11
Q

List the veins associated with Coronary Circulation.

A

Great Cardiac Vein (L ventricle)
Middle Cardiac Vein (Posterior)
Small Cardiac Vein (R ventricle)
Coronary Sinus

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12
Q

List the structures involved in electrical activity of the heart.

A

SA node
AV node
AV bundle
Right bundle branch
Left bundle branch
Purkinje fibers

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13
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Sets the heart rate (pacemaker!)

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14
Q

Describe how the nervous system is involved in electrical activity of the heart.

A

Parasympathetic (rest & digest) slows the heart rate

Sympathetic (fight & flight) increases the heart rate

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15
Q

Describe the histology of cardiac muscle tissue.

A

Cardiomyocytes joined by intercalated discs

1-2 nuclei

Gap junctions within intercalated discs that allow flow of ions –> electrical signal conduction –> uniform contraction

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16
Q

Describe the segments of an ECG.

A

P wave: atrial depolarization
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization

PR interval: signal conduction through AV node
QT interval: duration of ventricular depolarization

PQ segment: signal conduction from SA node to AV node
ST segment: ventricular systole and ejection of blood

17
Q

Define the terminology associated with the different heart rates.

A

Systole: contraction
Diastole: relaxation

Tachycardia: fast heart rate
Bradycardia: slow heart rate

Stroke Volume: amount of blood pumped out per systole
Cardiac Output: blood output per minute

End-Diastolic Volume: blood in ventricle before ejection
End-Systolic Volume: blood in ventricle after ejection

18
Q

Equation to find Cardiac Output

A

CO = Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

CO units: volume/minute

19
Q

Equation to find Stroke Volume

A

SV = Cardiac Output / Heart Rate

SV = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

SV units: volume/ventricular systole

20
Q

Define the key terminology for blood vessels: anastomosis, trunk, and portal

A

Anastomosis: vessel that allows for a different blood flow route
Trunk: large, short vessel that immediately branches
Portal: vessel that connects 2 capillary beds in a series

21
Q

List and discuss the different anastomoses.

A

Arteriovenous anastomosis: direct connections between small arteries and veins to reduce heart loss by bypassing exposed areas

Arterial anastomosis: direct connections between arteries to provide an alternative route in case of injury

Venous anastomosis: direct connections between veins to help with temperature regulation within the body

22
Q

Compare vasoconstriction and vasodilation

A

Vasoconstriction is the contraction of smooth muscle, causing a decrease in lumen size and an increase in blood pressure.

Vasodilation is the relaxation of smooth muscle, causing an increase in lumen size and a decrease in blood pressure.

23
Q

List the three types of vessels and discuss their functions.

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart and branch into smaller arterioles.

Capillaries are very small and are the site of exchange for gases, nutrients, and waste.

Veins carry blood to the heart and merge from venules into larger veins.

24
Q

List and discuss the features of the three types of arteries.

A

Elastic arteries are large in diameter and are made of large amounts of elastic fibers to accommodate for higher amounts of pressure.

Muscular arteries are small in diameter and use smooth muscle contraction to propel blood.

Arterioles control blood flow into capillaries and regulate blood pressure.

25
Q

List and discuss the components of vessel layers.

A

Tunica externa (outermost layer): made of elastic and collagen fibers to provide protection and support

Tunica media (middle layer): thickest layer of arteries made up external elastic lamina and smooth muscle to allow for vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Tunica interna (innermost layer): made of internal elastic lamina, a basement membrane, and the endothelium made up simple squamous

26
Q

Describe how the layers of arterioles differ from arteries.

A

Arterioles have all the same layers as arteries, but the smooth muscle layer in the tunica media is thicker than the external elastic lamina layer.

27
Q

Describe how the layers of VENULES differ from VEINS.

A

Tunica externa (outermost layer): sometimes absent and very thin

Tunica media (middle layer): very few smooth muscle fibers

Tunica interna (innermost layer): endothelial layer only

Venules merge to form larger veins.

28
Q

Describe how the layers of VEINS differ from VENULES.

A

Tunica externa (outermost layer): thickest layer

Tunica interna (innermost layer): contain folds to create valves that prevent backflow

Veins have larger lumen than arteries and DO NOT have internal or external elastic lamina.

29
Q

Describe the different types of capillaries.

A

Continuous: least permeable and only allow for diffusion of gases; lungs and connective tissues

Fenestrated: small pores that leak small molecules; kidneys and small intestine

Sinusoid: passage of large molecules; liver and spleen

30
Q

List the five ways venous return can occur.

A

Pressure Gradients
Gravity
Respiratory (Thoracic)
Muscle Contraction
Cardiac Suction

31
Q

List the three special circulations.

A

Cerebral Arterial Circulation
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Heart Circulation

32
Q

Describe Cerebral Arterial Circulation.

A

AKA: circle of willis

Oxygenated blood flow to the brain and distributed to the cerebrum through cerebral arteries

33
Q

Describe Hepatic Portal Circulation.

A

Function: filters nutrients from food to bring into circulation before reaching the heart

Hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver for filtration and processing

34
Q

Describe Fetal Heart Circulation.

A

The fetal heart contains the Foramen Ovale and Ductus Arteriosus to allow blood to bypass the lungs during development.

In a newborn’s heart, the Foramen Ovale is now the Fossa Ovalis and the Ductus Arteriosus is now the Ligementum Arteriosum.

Anatomy & Physiology Lab (8 decks)

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